1. Topic 11: Human Health and Physiology
11.2 Muscles and Movement

2. Describe the structure of striated muscle fibers, including the myofibrils with light and dark bands, mitochondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nuclei and the sarcolemma.
State the role of bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons and nerves in human movement
Label a diagram of the human elbow joint, including cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones, and antagonistic muscles
Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of a sarcomere, including the Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments with heads, and resultant light and dark bands
Outline the functions of the structures of the human elbow joint
Explain how skeletal muscle contracts including the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the formation of cross- bridges, the sliding of actin and myosin filaments and the use of ATP to break cross-bridges and break myosin heads
Compare the movement of the hip joint and the knee joint
Analyze electron micrographs to find the state of contraction of muscle fibers

3. 11.2.1 State the role of bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons and nerves in human movement
How do muscles move?
Signals move along a neuron and cause a muscle to contract
Muscles are connected to the bones by tendons
The contraction causes the bones to moves
The bone is moved back to the original position by an “opposing” muscle
The musculoskeletal system consists of various organs and tissues which
have different roles
Bones – provide support and anchorage (the lever)
Ligaments – connect bones together
Tendons – attach bone to muscle
Nerves – sense stimuli and provide the impulse to make muscles contract

4. Label a diagram of the human elbow joint, including cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones, and antagonistic muscles Outline the functions of the structures of the human elbow joint
A. Humerus (upper arm) bone - Origin for the biceps tendon
B. Synovial membrane - Encloses the joint capsule and produces synovial fluid.
C. Synovial fluid - reduces friction and absorbs pressure
D. Ulna - the lever in the flexion and extension of the arm.
E. Cartilage (red) - living tissue that reduces the friction at joints.
F. Ligaments (blue) - connect bone to bone and produce stability at the joint.

5. Label a diagram of the human elbow joint, including cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones, and antagonistic muscles Outline the functions of the structures of the human elbow joint
Biceps (flexor) muscle provides force for an arm flexion (bending).
The scapula and humerus are the origin for the bicep
Radius is the insertion for the bicep
Triceps muscle is the extensor whose contraction straightens the arm.
The scapula and humerus are the origin for the tricep
The ulna is the insertion

6. 11.2.4 Compare the movement of the hip joint and the knee joint

7. 11.2.4 Compare the movement of the hip joint and the knee joint
Similarities:
Both are synovial joints
Both involve moving leg
Both required for walking
Differences:

8. Describe the structure of striated muscle fibers, including the myofibrils with light and dark bands, mitochondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nuclei and the sarcolemma.
Skeletal muscles (2) consist of bundles of muscle fibers (3). At each end of the muscle is the tendon (1) A muscle fiber is a long, multi-nucleus cell (4 and the image below) There are many parallel protein structures inside called myofibrils. Myofibrils are wrapped in a membrane called the sarcolemma and “floating” in cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) Within the sarcoplasm is the internal membrane called the sarcoplasmic reticulum

9. Describe the structure of striated muscle fibers, including the myofibrils with light and dark bands, mitochondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nuclei and the sarcolemma.
The function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is to store and release Ca+ ions into the sarcoplasm to start the muscle contraction
In the cytoplasm are many mitochondria to provide ATP
Myofibrils contain two types of protein myofilaments (myosin and actin)
Myosin proteins are called the thick filaments
Actin proteins are called thin filaments
The sarcomere is the structural unit of the muscle and runs from Z line to Z line

10. Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of a sarcomere, including the Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments with heads, and resultant light and dark bands
Under a microscope a sarcomere appears to look like:
light section →dark section→ intermediate section →dark section → light section
The thin filaments (actin) are attached to the Z line

11. Hank…HELP!!!

12. Explain how skeletal muscle contracts including the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the formation of cross- bridges, the sliding of actin and myosin filaments and the use of ATP to break cross-bridges and break myosin heads
The steps of a muscle contraction 1.First, a myofibril is stimulated by the arrival of an action potential from a motor neuron. This triggers the release of Ca+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and surround the actin molecule
actin
Ca+

13. Explain how skeletal muscle contracts including the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the formation of cross- bridges, the sliding of actin and myosin filaments and the use of ATP to break cross-bridges and break myosin heads
2.Ca+ ions react with troponin which triggers the removal of a “blocking” molecule, tropomyosin 3.The binding site is now exposed 4.Each myosin head (with ADP and P attached) attach to the binding site of the actin molecule forming the cross-bridge. The P is removed at this point
tropomyosin
Exposed binding site
Cross-bridge
myosin head

14. Explain how skeletal muscle contracts including the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the formation of cross- bridges, the sliding of actin and myosin filaments and the use of ATP to break cross-bridges and break myosin heads
5. The ADP molecule is released from the myosin creating the “power stroke” and the actin filament is pushed along 6. A fresh molecule of ATP binds to the myosin head and releases from the actin filament (breaking the cross-bridge) This process is repeated many times per second to shorten the muscle by 50%

15. 11.2.8 Analyze electron micrographs to find the state of contraction of muscle fibers
In a contracted muscle, the distance between Z-bands become shorter Remember, a sarcomere is defined as Z-Band to Z-Band.