1. Agroforestry intensification for climate reselince and climate change adpatation in Ethiopian farming systems Emiru Birhane ICRAF Sustainable intensification in Ethiopia 28-29 Januray 2014, Addis Ababa, ILRI Campus

2. Outline Introduction Why intensfing Agroforestry? Agroforestry reselince role How to intensify agroforestry? Research needs

3. Introduction Subsistence farming practices characterized with degraded soils, small farm sizes, and low agriculture outputs In these areas where conditions for mono-crop agriculture are often harsh and unpredictable, trees and shrubs integrated into the agricultural system are vital assets of different products for farmers

4. Increase the yield and productivity of food crops Regenerate soil fertility which is declining in many parts Make farming systems more resilient to stress Enhance Food and feed production on farms Increase Energy supply on farm Diversify farm enterprises Increase the farm asset base Carbon sequestration Why Intensifying agroforestry on Farmlands: What role do/can trees play in enhancing resilience in the face of climate change?

5. Agroforestry Reselince: Microclimate buffering Garrity, ICRAF 2013

6. Resilience: hunger gap Percentage (%) of households facing food shortage Harvest season Cropping season = ‘hunger gap‘  year-round supply Kehlenbeck, 2013

7. Agroforestry Reselince: productivity Faidherbia Trial Results in Zambia Maize yield - zero fertiliser 20082009 2010 ----- Tons/ha ------- With Faidherbia 4.1 5.1 5.6 Without Faidherbia 1.3 2.6 2.6 ________________________________________________________________ Number of trials 15 40 40 Long-term maize yield without fertilizer in a Gliricidia system Gariity 2013

8. Agroforestry Reselince: productivity Impact of fertilizer trees on maize yield under farmer management _______________________________________ Plot management Yield (t/ha) Maize only 1.30 Maize + fertilizer trees 3.05 ____________________________________________________________ 2011 Survey of farms in six districts (Mzimba, Lilongwe, Mulanje, Salima, Thyolo and Machinga)

9. Species Vit C (mg/100 g) Vit A (mg/100 g) Iron (mg/100 g) Calcium (mg/100 g) Adansonia digitata 150-500 0.03-0.061.7 360 Grewia tenaxN.A. 7.4 610 Tamarindus indica 3-9 0.01-0.060.7 260 Ziziphus mauritiana 70-165 0.071.0 40 Mango 28 0.040.1 10 Orange 51 0.070.2 54 Sources: Freedman (1998) Famine foods. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods; Fruits for the Future Series, ICUC; Fineli (http://www.fineli.fi/), etc. Nutrient contents of selected fruits. Deficiency of iron and vitamins A and C in SSAfrica  Fruits have a high nutritional value Agroforestry: food Kehlenbeck, 2013

10. Agroforestry: feed SpeciesNutritive Parameters DMCPADFCF%FatPMg A. mellifera52.25511.56417.19916.8085.7650.1380.467 A. nubica30.39223.12321.22217.44013.1540.3070.417 Nutritive Value of two of the most dominant browse species (A. melifera and A. nubica) around Aba’ala, Northern Ethiopia (Birhane et al., 2013)

11. Agroforestry reselince: enhanced fertility Soil C, OM and K are much higher with Faidherbia

12. Agroforestry reselince: Income generation 020406080100 Rashad Gubeiha Talodi Dilling 020406080100 Rashad Gubeiha Talodi Dilling Portion of NTFP income of the total household income (%) Female + children Male High potential for income generation from IFTs:  Example from the Nuba Mountains, Kordofan, Sudan: up to 90% of total cash income of women in the Nuba Mountains generated from collecting and selling wild fruits (often the women‘s only income source) Contribution of NTFPs, mostly wild fruits, to household income in different areas of the Nuba Mountains (El Tahir & Gebauer 2004), Kehlenbeck, 2013

13. How to intensify Agroforestry in the Farming system 1. Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration of flag species 2. Introducing new systems with planting Two basic pathways

14. Faidherbia Gliricidia Maize Faidherbi a Gliricidia Maize DRY SEASON WET SEASON Combine Fast growing and slow growing.75m 3m

15. Research needs  Production data for useful trees  Data on the contribution of food tree products to family nutrition (seasonality?) family income generation (use of cash?)  Data on nutrient content of products from lesser known food tree species  Socio-economic/environmental factors influencing cultivation of food trees and consumption of their products (e.g. commercialization)  Data on service functions of tree  Value chain for tree products  Modelling tree crop interaction  Modelling the resilience role of trees on agricultural systems  Role of agroforestry in climate adaptation and carbon sequestration  Methods of intensification

16. Thank you