1. © T. M. Whitmore Last Time Southeast Asia  Soils and forests  Agriculture  Mineral resources  Pre-colonial historical-cultural influences

2. © T. M. Whitmore Today European colonization Contemporary population issues in SE Asia Country details in SE Asia

3. © T. M. Whitmore Status of SE Asia by 1500 (before European colonization) Thai, Shan, Vietnamese, Lao, Burma/Myanmar, Khmer (Cambodia) kingdoms in Indochina  Mostly Buddhist Malaccan sultanate in S. Malay peninsula  Mostly Muslim Indonesian archipelago fractured into hundreds of tiny kingdoms  Increasingly Muslim Philippine archipelago fractured into hundreds of tiny kingdoms  Animist

6. © T. M. Whitmore Colonization European  Portuguese  Spanish  British  French USA Japanese Chinese diaspora Indigenous reactions

9. © T. M. Whitmore Population Issues Uneven spatial distribution Many countries with primate cities Chinese minority populations

11. © John Wiley & Sons

12. © 2002 Manfred Leiter China town in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

13. © T. M. Whitmore Population growth issues Diverse experience: some high, some lower — religion NOT the major factor  Higher growth states — rates of natural increase (r) > 2 % per yr range  Cambodia (Buddhist)  Brunei (Muslim)  Malaysia (Muslim)  Philippines (Roman Catholic & Muslim)

14. © T. M. Whitmore Population growth issues Diverse experience: some high, some lower — religion NOT the major factor  Lower growth states — rates of natural increase (r) < 2 % per yr range  Vietnam (Buddhist) r ~ 1.4%/yr  Singapore (Muslim) r ~ 0.6%/yr  Thailand (Buddhist) r ~ 0.7%/yr  Indonesia (Muslim) r ~ 1.6%/yr

15. © T. M. Whitmore Burma (Myanmar) Large, diverse population ~ 50m Resources rich (oil, good ag land, timber, etc.) richest country in SE Asia in 1930) Economically and politically troubled since  Repressive military rule  Several active insurgencies Issue of the “golden triangle”

19. © T. M. Whitmore Thailand Population ~ 65 m Rapidly developing economy  major exporter of tin, teak, rice  active maquiladora-type assembly economy in Bangkok Still majority agricultural; but much development planned around tourism on S peninsula Very dynamic primate city of Bangkok (at > 5 m the 2nd largest in SE Asia)

21. © 2002 Manfred Leiter Bangkok

22. © 2005 The Great Mirror Bangkok

23. © T. M. Whitmore Cambodia Population ~ 13 m A shadow of great Khmer civilization that built Angor Wat Very unstable politically since WW II Chaos of the “Khmer Rouge” after end of Vietnam war (1976)  Purging of all “bourgeois” culture (meaning most all educated, urban people) > 1 million killed Vast majority of pop is agricultural Low rates of economic and social development

25. © 2002 Manfred Leiter Hindu influenced Angkor Wat

26. © T. M. Whitmore Vietnam > 80 m pop Over history, a country seldom united  When the French colonizers were defeated in 1954 the nation was divided N - S (Communist N) N and S are more-or-less complementary  N = industrial base, mineral resources, food shortages  S = less industry, but more commerce due to decades of US etc; much more food (Mekong delta); potential for oil

28. © T. M. Whitmore Vietnam Losses due to generations of war (vs. French and USA)  > 1 million civilian deaths  > 50,000 US GIs killed in Vietnam war alone (war with the French also bloody)  6m refugees and displaced peoples  USA boycott and isolationist govt. => slow growth — but now opening a bit Great potential => important player in future

30. © T. M. Whitmore Malaysia ~ 26 m pop Economy dominated by 2 traditionally dominant sectors  Tin (35% of world’s production)  Plantation crop export economy  Oil gaining; good reserves

32. © T. M. Whitmore Malaysia Legacy of divided ethnicities; Chinese (30%), Indian (10%), and Malay (60%)  Divided religions as well: Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist  Major ethnic problem is Malay - Chinese  Chinese successful in urban commerce and now dominate in wealth  Malays control government and military  Economic policies of 1980s give strong preferences to Malays for education, govt. job, etc.

33. © John Wiley & Sons

34. © 2002 Manfred Leiter Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur

35. © T. M. Whitmore Singapore ~ 4 m pop (literally a large city on an island at the tip of the Malay peninsula) British colony in 1819; excellent harbor for British fleet to control straits of Malacca Malaysia independence in 1963 — Singapore separated 1965  Chinese dominant in Singapore (77%) and this is key to separation

37. © T. M. Whitmore Singapore Economy among the richest in Asia (GNP/cap ~ $30,000)  One of the world’s largest ports and a natural entrepot  Export of raw materials form Malay peninsula  Major oil refining center  New high-tech finance economy  Very close trade with China (Hong Kong), Taiwan, USA Extreme form of state-capitalism (like Taiwan, Korea or Japan)

39. Image courtesy of the Singapore Tourism Board

40. © T. M. Whitmore Indonesia ~ 221 m pop (~ ½ of total in SE Asia ) Very diverse country (despite being 85% Muslim)  literally hundreds of local cultures  > 17,000 islands => hard to administer (but most pop lives in Java and Sumatra)  Well known problems with E Timor just highlight this

41. © T. M. Whitmore Indonesia Population density a problem in Java  > 1,500 per sq mi ~ like a city  Govt. solutions include “voluntary” resettlement of Javanese to outlying islands and Borneo Jakarta — giant city of SE Asia > 8m Economy still dominated by agriculture, but assembly manufacturing and oil gaining

44. © T. M. Whitmore Philippines ~ 85 m pop Mostly Roman Catholic (Muslim in south) thus odd in this group  Fragmented like Indonesia into thousands of islands Population growth a main issue r ~ 2.3%/yr