2. Germany/Austria: Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, Wagner, Mahler France: Berlioz, Bizet Hungary: Liszt Czechoslovakia: Dvorak Russia: Tchaikovsky Poland: Chopin Italy: Verdi 1825-1900 1825-1900

3. TITLE: Habanera, from Carmen (1875) COMPOSER: Georges Bizet GENRE: operatic aria INSTR: mezzo-soprano & orchestra NOTES: - Carmen sings of the untameable nature of love - its exotic flavor is due to its use of the Cuban/Spanish habanera dance rhythm

4. CHARACTERISTICS FORMS: symphony (expanded) opera (Verdi/Wagner) art song symphonic poem character piece (piano)

5. INSTRUMENTS: piano becomes more expressive to the orchestra: add tuba, piccolo, harp, percussion CHARACTERISTICS

6. ELEMENTS AND FEATURES: expressive/emotional (as opposed to structure of the Classical period) Nationalism; program music (music tells a story) homophonic to polyphonic some dissonance (more than in Classical) middle class audience (Industrial Revolution) expansion of forms dynamics: fff / ppp / fp / sfz CHARACTERISTICS

7. France: Debussy, Ravel Germany: Schoenberg, Berg Russia: Stravinsky, Prokofiev Hungary: Bartok UK: Holst, Britten US: Copland, Ives; also: JAZZ & ROCK 1900-present 1900-present

8. TITLE: Wozzeck, Act III (1925) COMPOSER: Alban Berg GENRE: opera INSTR: orchestra & singers NOTES: - avant-garde opera that uses atonality, Sprechstimme (speak-singing) & leitmotifs (recurring musical idea connected to a person, place or idea) - tragic tale of a soldier who goes mad

9. CHARACTERISTICS FORMS: Classical & Baroque forms formless music

10. INSTRUMENTS: saxophone electronic instruments more percussion CHARACTERISTICS

11. ELEMENTS AND FEATURES: highly dissonant (generally) many styles: impressionism, expressionism, serialism, atonality (no key), aleatoric (random) music CHARACTERISTICS