1. Pathophysiology of digestion. Pathophysiology of liver

2. Disorder of stomach secretory function According to mechanism: Organic disturbances of stomach glands Change I functional activity of secretory cells According to kind of disturbance Hypersecretion Hyposecretion

3. Key-points for hypersecretion

4. The four inputs to parietal cells that regulate acid secretion by controlling the transfer of the H,K-ATPase pumps in cytoplasmic vesicle membranes to the plasma membrane.

5. Gastritis

7. Disorder of stomach motor function Hypercinesis – increased motility Hypertonus – increased degree of contraction Hypocinesis - decreased motility Hypotonus - decreased degree of contraction Pathological reflexes Nausea Vomiting Belching

12. Gastric Juice Secretion, Mucosal Protection and Risk of Ulcer

17. Disorders After Stomach Surgery

19. Disorder of digestion in intestine Disorders of the pick out of bile and pancreatic juice are accompanied by disorders of all types of digestion, development of putrefaction and fermentation in the intestine (at closing, or squeezing the excretory ducts of glands in cystic fibrosis mucoviscidosis, because of pancreatic cancer, acute and chronic pancreatitis and duodenitis, violating the neurohumoral mechanisms of regulation of secretion, particular functions of the vagus nerve, the allocation of secretin, cholecystokinin, pancreatic polypeptide). Disorders of digestion of nutrients combined in maldigestion syndrome. Malabsorption of substances in the gut combined into a syndrome, which is characterized by diarrhea, weight loss, protein deficiency, signs of hypovitaminosis.

21. Causes of Acute Pancreatitis

22. Consequences of Acute Pancreatitis

23. Causes of Chronic Pancreatitis

24. Consequences of Chronic Pancreatitis

27. Causes of Constipation

28. Consequences of Constipation and (Pseudo-)Obstruction

29. Etiology and pathogenesis of liver insufficiency Infectious agents (hepatitis B virus, tuberculosis bacillus, helmints) Hepatotropic poison (drugs - tetracycline, sulfonamides, industrial poisons - carbon tetrachloride, arsenic, chloroform, vegetable poisons - aflatoxin, muscarine) Physical impacts (ionizing radiation) Biological drugs (vaccines, serums) Violation of blood circulation (thrombosis, embolism, venous congestion) Endocrine pathology (diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism) Tumors Hereditary ensymopathy

30. Causes of Liver Failure

31. Consequences of Liver Failure

32. Fibrosis and Cirrhosis of the Liver

34. Clinical syndromes in liver injury Lack of liver disorders manifested its functions lesion: metabolic (involved in carbohydrate, fat, protein metabolism, metabolism of vitamins, hormones, biologically active substances) protection (phagocytic and antitoxic) digestive and excretory (the formation and release of bile) hemodynamic (involved in maintaining systemic circulation).

35. Cholelithiasis: Abnormal Cholesterol to Bile Salt Ratio

36. Clinical syndromes of jaundice Acholia associated with non-receipt of bile in the intestine due to violations of the formation and outflow of bile. Acholia manifested disorders of digestion and absorption of fats, hypovitaminosis A, E, K, decreased intake of unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids to build cell membranes, intestinal motility violation, increasing decay and fermentation. Dyscholia - violation of the physical-chemical properties of bile, causing it acquires the ability to form stones (due to genetic predisposition, poor nutrition, metabolic disorders, infectious-inflammatory processes, cholestasis).

37. Cholelithiasis: Abnormal Cholesterol to Bile Salt Ratio

42. Etiology and pathogenesis of jaundice Jaundice - a syndrome caused by an increase in blood bilirubin (hemolytic, parenchymal, mechanical). In hemolytic jaundice due to destruction of a large number of red blood cells accumulate indirect, protein bound bilirubin. When parenchymal jaundice disturbed capture, and excretion of bilirubin in hepatocytes due to their injuries. In mechanical jaundice occurs outflow obstruction of bile, compression of biliary tract tumor or scar, closing within a stone, worms, thick bile.

43. Mechanisms and Consequences of Cholestasis

44. Methods of experimental study of liver pathology hepatic-cell failure simulating full or partial removal of the liver, the introduction of poisons (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, trinitrotoluene); cholestatic model obtained by squising bile ducts by ligature; hepatic vascular insufficiency simulating by overlapping portocaval anastomosis, ligation portal vein, hepatic vein, hepatic artery.