1. IL-4 in TB Dr. Huang-Pin Wu Div. Pul. Med., Dep. Int. Med., Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung

2. CD 30 surface antigen Distribution Macrophage Activated T, B, NK cells Function T cell receptor-mediated cell death Activates Nf  B

3. Increased apoptotic cell % along with increased CD30 + cells J Immunol 2001;167:1230

4. IL-4 might contribute to the apoptosis of M. tuberculosis–activated T lymphocyte J Immunol 2001;167:1230 Anti-IL-4 inhibit elevation of CD30+ cell %

5. IL-4 enhanced macrophage endocytosis by activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase J Immunol 1999;162:4606. IL-4 could inhibit the extracellular killing function of activated IFN- gamma induced macrophages. J Immunol 1992;148:3578.

6. Conclusion IL-4 was still important in macrophage function. Patients with a high degree of IL-4 response might have attenuated macrophage activity, thus reducing their ability to fight M. tuberculosis.

7. IL-4  2 The second of the four exons in the alternative splice variant of IL-4 mRNA is omitted. Regulation of human IL-4 activity

8. IL-4  2 IL-4

9. A higher ratio of IL-4  2 to IL-4 in latent tuberculosis patients compared with that in controls Immunology 2004;112:669.

10. Tuberculosis patients expressed higher IL-4  2 mRNA than did controls J Infect Dis 2000;181:385.

11. Patients with greater IL-4  2 expression had more extensive disease J Infect Dis 2000;181:385.

12. Question The capability for IL-4 and IL-4  2 production in T cells of tuberculosis patients ? The relationship of chest radiographic patterns and IL-4 production capability ?

19. Conclusion The ratio of IL-4  2 to IL-4 was a key factor associated with disease severity in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. The inefficient expression of IL-4 and IL-4  2 mRNA in stimulated PMBCs of patients with pulmonary infection. IL-4 may play a similar role in pulmonary infection, either M. tuberculosis or nontubercular bacillus.