1. Construction Contracts
(HKAS 11)
By Kathy Sze

2. Construction Contract (HKAS 11)
AGENDA
1. Objective and Scope
2. What is Contraction Contract?
3. Combining or Segmenting Construction Contracts?
4. Contract Revenue & Contract Costs
5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
6. Recognition of Expected Losses
7. Changes in Estimates
8. Disclosure
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

3. Construction Contract (HKAS 11)
1. Objective and Scope
Objective
To prescribe the accounting treatment of revenue and costs associated with construction contracts.
(the primary issue in accounting for construction contracts is the allocation of contract revenue and contract costs to the accounting periods in which construction work is performed.)
Scope
HKAS 11 shall be applied in accounting for construction contracts in the financial statements of contractors. (e.g. Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd)
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

4. 2. What is Contraction Contract?
A construction contract
Is a contract specifically negotiated for the construction of an asset or a combination of assets
(that are closely interrelated or interdependent in terms of their design, technology and function or their ultimate purpose or use.)
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

5. 2. What is Contraction Contract?
Usually 2 kinds of contracts:
1. A fixed price contract
- is a construction contract in which the contractor agrees to a fixed contract price, i.e. the price is not usually subject to adjustment because of costs incurred by the contractor.
2. A cost plus contract
- is a construction contract in which the contractor is reimbursed for allowable or otherwise defined costs, plus a percentage of these costs or a fixed fee.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

6. 2. What is Contraction Contract?
For the purposes of HKAS 11, construction contracts include:
contracts for rendering of services
- which are directly related to the construction of the asset, e.g. those for the services of project managers and architects; and
contracts for the destruction or restoration of assets, and the restoration of the environment following the demolition of assets.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

7. 3. Combining or Segmenting Construction Contracts?
The requirements of HKAS 11 are usually applied separately to each construction contract.
However, in certain circumstances, it is necessary to apply HKAS 11
to the separately identifiable components of a single contract, or (Each part of a single contract)
to a group of contracts together (2 or more contracts together)
in order to reflect the substance of a contract or a group of contracts.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

8. 3. Combining or Segmenting Construction Contracts?
When a contract covers a number of assets, the construction of each asset shall be treated as a separate construction contract when:
(Each part of a single contract)
separate proposals have been submitted for each asset;
each asset has been subject to separate negotiation and the contractor and customer have been able to accept or reject that part of contract relating to each asset; and
the costs and revenues of each asset can be identified.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

9. 3. Combining or Segmenting Construction Contracts?
A group of contracts, whether with single customer or with several customers, shall be treated as a single construction contract when:
(2 or more contracts together)
the group of contracts is negotiated as a single package;
the contracts are so closely interrelated that they are, in effect, part of a single project with an overall profit margin; and
the contracts are performed concurrently or in a continuous sequence.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

10. 3. Combining or Segmenting Construction Contracts?
A contract may provide for the construction of an addition asset at the option of the customer or may be amended to include the construction of an addition asset.
The construction of the additional asset shall be treated as a separate construction contract when:
the asset differs significantly in design, technology or function from the asset or assets covered by the original contract; or
The price of the asset is negotiated without regard to the original contract price.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

11. 4. Contract Revenue & Contract Costs
Contract revenue shall comprises:
The initial amount of revenue agreed in the contract; and
Variations in contract work, claims and incentive payments:
i) to the extend that it is probable that they will result in revenue; and
ii) they are capable of being reliably measured.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

12. 4. Contract Revenue & Contract Costs
Contract costs shall comprises:
costs that relate directly to the specific contract;
e.g. direct materials, direct labour, costs of subcontracting, and appropriate proportion of variable and fixed construction overheads.
costs that are attributable to contract activity in general and can be allocated to the contract; and
such other costs as are specifically chargeable to the customer under the terms of the contract
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

13. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
When the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably,
Contract revenue and contract costs associated with the construction contract shall be recognised as revenue and expenses respectively by reference to the stage of completion of the contract activity at the balance sheet date.
An expected loss on the construction contract
Shall be recognised as an expense immediately in accordance with HKAS 11
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

14. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
How can fulfill “estimated reliably” ?
In the case of a fixed price contract, the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably when all the followings conditions are satisfied:
a) total contract revenue can be measured reliably;
b) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the contract will flow to the entity;
c) both the contract costs to complete the contract and the stage of contract completion at the balance sheet date can me measured reliably; and
d) the contract costs attributable to the contract can be clearly identified and measured reliably so that actual contract costs incurred can be compared with prior estimates.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

15. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
How can fulfill “estimated reliably” ?
In the case of a cost plus contract, the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably when all the followings conditions are satisfied:
a) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the contract will flow to the entity; and
b) the contract costs attributable to the contract, whether or not specifically reimbursable, can be clearly identified and measured reliably.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

16. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
The outcome of a construction contract can only be estimated reliably
when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the contract will flow to the entity.
However, when an uncertainty arises about the collectibility of an amount already included in contract revenue, and already recognised in the income statement,
the uncollectable amount or the amount in respect of which recovery has ceased to be probable is
- recognised as an expense
- rather than as an adjustment of the amount of contract revenue
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

17. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
The recognition of revenue and expenses by reference to the stage of completion of a contract is often referred to as
The % of completion method
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

18. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
The stage of completion of a contract may be determined in a variety of ways.
The entity uses the method that measures reliably the work performed.
Depending on the nature of the contract, the methods may include:
a) the proportion that contract costs incurred for work performed to date bear to the estimated total contract costs;
b) surveys of work performed; or
c) completion of a physical proportion of the contract work
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

19. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
Example
On 1 Jan 2007, Co. A signed a construction contract with a customer for 3 years with an agreed contract consideration of $200 million.
The cost of the contract was estimated at $150 million.
During the year to 31 Dec 2007, Co. A incurred contract cost of $70 million.
The surveyor certified that 40% of the contract work had been completed on 31 Dec 2007.
On 31 Dec 2007, Co. A received a progress payment of $100 million.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

20. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
Example
Which basis can be used as stage of completion of the contract???
a) Cost incurred to date
i.e. $70/$150 = 46.7% completion
b) Survey of Work
i.e. 40% completion
c) Progress payments and advances received from customers
i.e. $100/$200 = 50% completion
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

21. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
Example
Which basis can be used as stage of completion of the contract???
a) Cost incurred to date
i.e. $70/$150 = 46.7% completion 
b) Survey of Work
i.e. 40% completion 
c) Progress payments and advances received from customers
i.e. $100/$200 = 50% completion 
Progress payments and advances received from customers often do not reflect the work performed.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

22. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
When the outcome of a construction contract cannot be estimated reliably:
a) revenue shall be recognised only to the extent of contract costs incurred that it is probable will be recoverable; and
b) contract costs shall be recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.
An expected loss on the construction contract shall be recognised as an expense immediately in accordance with HKAS 11.
When the uncertainties that prevented the outcome of the contract being estimated reliably no longer exist,
- revenue and expenses associated with the construction contract shall be recognised in as usual rather than as above.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

23. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
Example
Contract revenue $600M
Contract cost $500M
Contract cost incurred $450M
Progress billings $400M
% complete 60%
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

24. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
Example
Contract revenue $600M
Contract cost $500M
Contract cost incurred $450M
Progress billings $400M
% complete 60%
To record contract revenue:
Dr. Work-in progress $360M
Cr. P/L $360M
($600M x 60% completion)
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

25. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
Example
Contract revenue $600M
Contract cost $500M
Contract cost incurred $450M
Progress billings $400M
% complete 60%
To record contract cost:
Dr. P/L $300M
Cr. Work-in-progress $300M
($500M x 60% completion)
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

26. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
Example
Contract revenue $600M
Contract cost $500M
Contract cost incurred $450M
Progress billings $400M
% complete 60%
To record progress billings:
Dr. Debtor $400M
Cr. Work-in-progress $360M
Cr. Progress billings M
(Progress billings CR balances  advance)
(Progress billings DR balances  unbilled revenue)
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

27. 5. Recognition of Contract Revenue & Costs
Example
Contract revenue $600M
Contract cost $500M
Contract cost incurred $450M
Progress billings $400M
% complete 60%
To record cost incurred:
Dr. Work-in-progress $450M
Cr. Cash/creditor $450M
(Work in progress DR balances  asset)
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

28. 6. Recognition of Expected Losses
When it is probable that total contract costs will exceed total contract revenue,
- the expected loss shall be recognised as an expense immediately.
The amount of such as loss is determined irrespective of:
a) whether work has commenced on the contract;
b) the stage of completion of contract activity; or
c) the amount of profits expected to arise on other contracts which are no treated as a single construction contract in accordance with HKAS 11.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

29. Construction Contract (HKAS 11)
7. Changes in Estimates
The % of completion method is applied on a cumulative basis in each accounting period to the current estimates on contract revenue and contract costs.
- Therefore, the effect of a change in estimate of contract revenue or contract costs, or the effect of a change in the estimate on the outcome of a contract, is accounted for as a change in accounting estimate.
The changed estimates are used in the determination of the amount of revenue and expenses recognised in the income statement
- in the period in which the change is made and
- in subsequent periods.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

30. Construction Contract (HKAS 11)
8. Disclosure
An entity should disclose:
the amount of contract revenue recognised as revenue in the period;
the methods used to determine the contract revenue recognised in the period; and
The methods used to determine the stage of completion of contracts in progress.
An entity shall disclose each of the following for contracts in progress at the balance sheet date:
the aggregate amount of costs incurred and recognised profits (less recognised losses) to date;
The amount of advances received; and
The amount of retentions
An entity shall present:
The gross amount due from customers for contract work as an asset; and
the gross amount due to customers for contract work as a liability.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

31. Construction Contract (HKAS 11)
8. Disclosure
The gross amount due from customers for contract work is the net amount of:
costs incurred plus recognised profits; less
The sum of recognised losses and progress billings for all contracts in progress for which costs incurred plus recognised profits (less recognised losses) exceeds progress billings.
The gross amount due to customers for contract work is the net amount of:
The sum of recognised losses and progress billings for all contracts in progress for which progress billings exceed costs incurred plus recognised profits (less recognised losses).
An entity discloses any contingent liabilities and contingent assets in accordance with HKAS 37. Contingent liabilities and contingent assets may arise from such items as warranty costs, claims, penalties or possible losses.
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

32. Construction Contract (HKAS 11)
8. Disclosure
Example on Contract Disclosures
The status of a contractor’s 5 contracts in progress at the end of 1st year 2008 is as follows: A B C D E
Total $M
Contract revenue
145
520
380
200 55
1300
Contract expenses
110
450
350
250
1215
Expected losses 40 30 70
Recognised profits less recognised losses 35
(90)
(30) 15
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

33. Construction Contract (HKAS 11)
8. Disclosure A B C D E
Total $M
Contract costs incurred in the period
110
510
450
250
100
1420
Contract costs incurred recognised as contract expenses in the period
350 55
1215
Contract cost that relate to future activity recognised as an asset 60 45
205
Contract revenue (as above)
145
520
380
200
1300
Progress billings
180
1235
Unbilled contract revenue 20 65
Advances 80 25
125
Payments received
600
400
1360
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

34. Construction Contract (HKAS 11)
8. Disclosure
The amounts to be disclosed in accordance with HKAS 11 are as follows: $M
Contract revenue recognised as revenue in period
1,300
Contract costs incurred and recognised profits (less recognised losses) to date
1,435
Advances received
125
Gross amount due from customers for contract work presented as an asset
220
Gross amount due to customers for contract work presented as a liability
(20)
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

35. Construction Contract (HKAS 11)
8. Disclosure
The amounts to be disclosed are calculated as follows: A B C D E
Total $M
Contract costs incurred
110
510
450
250
100
1420
Recognised profits less recognised losses 35 70 30
(90)
(30) 15
145
580
480
160
1,435
Progress billings
520
380
180 55
1235
Due from customers 45 60
220
Due to customers
(20)
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)

36. Construction Contract (HKAS 11)
THE END
  
Construction Contract (HKAS 11)