1. Cellular Respiration

2. Cellular Respiration Process that makes energy for all life on earth
It is the transfer of chemical bond energy of organic molecules to the chemical bond energy of ATP
Remember:
Making chemical bonds stores energy
Breaking chemical bonds releases energy
Respiration breaks the bonds of glucose, so it releases energy

3. Harvesting energy stored in food
Cellular respiration
breaking down food to produce ATP
in mitochondria
using oxygen
“aerobic” respiration
usually digesting glucose
but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins
ATP
food O2
Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water
glucose + oxygen  energy + carbon + water
dioxide
C6H12O6
6O2
ATP
6CO2
6H2O  +

4. Both plant and animal cells carry out the final stages of cellular respiration in the mitochondria.
Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
Mitochondrion
Plantl Cells
Inner membrane
Animal Cells
Matrix

5. Using ATP to do work? Can’t store ATP
too unstable
only used in cell that produces it
only short term energy storage
carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage
ATP
Adenosine TriPhosphate
work
Adenosine DiPhosphate
ADP
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

6. { { { A Body’s Energy Budget ATP make energy eat food synthesis1
make energy
• energy needed even at rest
• activity
• temperature control {
eat food
ATP
• growth
• reproduction
• repair { 2
synthesis
(building)
• glycogen (animal starch)
• fat { 3
storage

7. ADP vs. ATP

8. ATP Factoid On average, the human body contains 250 grams of ATP
The amount of ATP used by the human body in a day equals the body weight of the individual.

9. Cellular Respiration Occurs in 3 Distinct Phases
The first stage, glycolysis, is anaerobic—no oxygen is required.
The last two stages are aerobic and require oxygen to be completed.
SUMMARY EQUATION:

10. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Respiration occurs in three main stages
High-energy electrons carried by NADH
GLYCOLYSIS
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
KREBS CYCLE
Cytoplasmic fluid
Mitochondrion

11. Glycolysis Glyco=sweet, sugar lysis = to split
Glycolysis: a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound
produces two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule broken down.
2 molecules of NADH are formed

12. The Transition Phase *(we’ll include this as part of Kreb’s)
Before Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain can begin, pyruvic acid undergoes a series of reactions in which it gives off a molecule of CO2 and combines with a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.
Acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A)
Pyruvic acid
CO2

13. Glycolysis Summary Produces 2 ATP Creates 2 NADH molecules
2 ATP were needed for the reaction
4 ATP were made in the reaction
Creates 2 NADH molecules
Passed to Electron Transport Chain
Glucose (6 C’s) has been broken down to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3 C’s)
Converted into Acetyl CoA

14. The Krebs Cycle
Series of reactions that occurs in mitochondrial matrix
Breaks pyruvic acid down into CO2, releasing energy
For every one turn of the cycle, one molecule of ATP, two molecules of carbon dioxide, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 are produced.
Per molecule of glucose, Kreb’s creates:
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
4 CO2
CO2

15. Other Energy Molecules…
NAD and FAD
Hydrogen and electron carriers
Bring hydrogen/electrons to the electron transport chain where they are used to make more ATP
Hydrogen and Electrons are sources of potential energy
Energy can be released to make ATP

16. The electron transport chain
In the electron transport chain, the carrier molecules NADH and FADH2 give up electrons that pass through a series of reactions. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor forming water.
This sets up a H+ (proton) gradient
Allow the protons to flow through ATP synthase which synthesizes ATP (ADP + Pi = ATP)

17. ETC continued…
The electron transport chain adds 32 ATP molecules to the four already produced during glycolysis & Krebs cycle
Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

18. ETC Located in the Mitochondria Produces 32 ATP
For each pair of Hydrogen atoms brought in by:
NAD: 3 ATP molecules are made
FAD” 2 ATP molecules are made

19. In summary, what do we need to make energy?
The “Furnace” for making energy
mitochondria
Fuel
food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Helpers
oxygen
enzymes
Product
ATP
Waste products
carbon dioxide
then used by plants
water
food
ATP
enzymes
CO2
H2O O2

20. Summary Facts : Cellular Respiration
Reactants/Raw materials : oxygen + sugar (glucose, starch, food, fats)  
Energy Source: chemical bond energy of organic comp’ds  
Products Made : carbon dioxide, water, ATP (energy)  
When does it occur?: all the time, constantly, 24/7  
Location in the Cell: mitochondria  
Organisms that use it: all living things