1. Do you know your atomic structure?

2. Basic Unit of Matter
ATOM
Sodium Atom Animation

3. What is the charge of each subatomic particle?
Proton neutron electron O
positive none negative

4. Where are they found in the atom?
Neutron and proton – in the nucleus
Electron –outside the nucleus
Helium atom animation

6. Pure Substance: Iodine

9. Element Song(link) “The Elements” by Tom Lehrer
There’s antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium, And hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen and rhenium And nickel, neodymium, neptunium, germanium, And iron, americium, ruthenium, uranium, Europium, zirconium, lutetium, vanadium And lanthanum and osmium and astatine and radium And gold, protactinium and indium and gallium And iodine and thorium and thulium and thallium.
There’s yttrium, ytterbium, actinium, rubidium And boron, gadolinium, niobium, iridium And strontium and silicon and silver and samarium, And bismuth, bromine, lithium, beryllium and barium.
There’s holmium and helium and hafnium and erbium
And phosphorous and francium and fluorine and terbium And manganese and mercury, molybdinum, magnesium, Dysprosium and scandium and cerium and cesium And lead, praseodymium, platinum, plutonium, Palladium, promethium, potassium, polonium, Tantalum, technetium, titanium, tellurium, And cadmium and calcium and chromium and curium.
There’s sulfur, californium and fermium, berkelium And also mendelevium, einsteinium and nobelium And argon, krypton, neon, radon, xenon, zinc and rhodium And chlorine, cobalt, carbon, copper, Tungsten, tin and sodium.
These are the only ones of which the news has come to Harvard, And there may be many others but they haven’t been discovered.

10. Symbols of Elements 1. First letter is capitalized
2. Second letter (if there is one) is always lower case
EXAMPLES:
C F Al
Cl B Mn
Ca H Mg
Cr O Mo

11. Which are symbols? Abbreviations for elements
C CO Mn CO Ni Why?
C Mn Ni
Only one capital letter

12. Trace Elements Needed by some organisms but only in very small amounts
Like iodine, we need only 0.15 mg per day
A deficiency will cause a goiter

13. What are trace elements?
Needed in the body in only small amounts
Like mg (milligrams)
WHY IMPORTANT IF WE DON’T NEED SO MUCH?
Minerals act as catalysts (speed up reactions) for many biological reactions

14. EACH ELEMENT: All the same atoms
Photographic Periodic Table (link)

15. Which are elements? Cu C CO Co N NO WHY?
Cu C N only one kind of matter

16. Atomic Number
Number of protons of an element

19. Mass Number
Mass of nucleus

21. Mass Number
Atomic Number
What is the mass number of Na?

22. Atomic Number? Mass Number?

23. HOW TO FIND Number of Protons = Atomic Number
Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic Number
Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number

24. How many?
Protons electrons neutrons
Carbon
Chlorine

26. Is this a neutral atom?
= p
= e-

27. Same Number of electrons as protons
WHY?
So the atom will be neutral (no excess charge)

28. What is the mass number of…?
Carbon nitrogen hydrogen
WHY?
Decimal number on periodic table
Not other number in succession
Number of p + n

29. What is the atomic number of?
Silicon fluorine sodium WHY?
Number in succession (not a decimal)
Number of protons

30. How do you find the number of…?
Protons electrons neutrons
Atomic atomic mass no.
Number number minus
(if neutral) At. No.

31. YOU NEED TO KNOW
The Names (spelled correctly) and the Symbols (written correctly)
“Naturally Occurring Elements in the Human Body”

32. Radioisotopes
All elements with atomic numbers greater than 83 are radioisotopes meaning that these elements have unstable nuclei and are radioactive and some under 83 have isotope forms.

33. Isotope: form of an element with a different number of neutrons

34. What makes atoms radioactive?
Their nuclei are unstable and they break down at a constant rate over time…and they have uneven numbers of protons and neutrons. Radioactive Decay of Uranium

36. Radioactive Particles Given Off

37. Radioactive Decay of Uranium

39. Number of neutrons? Isotopes? Which is the neutral form?

41. Which has more uneven number of protons and neutrons?

42. Positive Uses of Radioisotopes
Iodine-131 treat thyroid cancer
Sr 89 treat bone and prostate cancer
PET SCAN

44. Technetium-99m
has become the most widely used (80%) radioisotope for diagnosing diseased organs (especially brain, heart, and bone)

45. Which are isotopes? 16 20 38 128 12 O F K I C 8 9 19 53 6 WHY? 38 128
O F K I C
WHY?
F K I
different # neutrons

46. Formula Abbreviation for a compound
A COMPOUND is two or more elements chemically bound:

47. Which are formulas? Abbreviation for a compound
H2SO Cl H Al Why?
H2SO H20 abbreviations for compounds (2 or more different kinds of elements)

48. What is a compound?
2 or more different elements chemically joined (2+ diff.
capital letters)
HCl H2O
H2SO NOT O2

49. C and N only one in number
Which are atoms?
C N N2 H Why?
C and N only one in number

50. Using The Correct Term (get handout)
Element
Compound
Symbol
Formula
Atom
Molecule
1 kind of Atom, Na, H
2 or more different kinds of elements chemically joined, NaCl
Abbreviation of an element, H, Cl
Abbreviation of a compound Na2S
1 unit of matter H Na Cl
2 or more atoms chemically joined H2, NaCl

51. Which are compounds? Na N H2 NO2 H2O Why? NO2 H2O
2 or more different elements chemically joined (2+ diff. capital letters)

52. What’s the difference?
Co CO co
Symbol formula nuttin

53. Which are molecules? Co CO CO2 O2 Why?
CO CO O2 two or more atoms (alike or not alike, it doesn’t matter) bonded together

54. What are the four…
Most abundant elements in living matter?
C H O N

55. What is the relative size?
Proton neutron electron
1 amu amu ~1/2000
amu
AMU=atomic mass unit= 1/12 CARBON ATOM

57. How do electrons arrange?
In the outer shells?
2, 8, 8
Fill inner shell first, then go to next shell out

58. Get kinda complicated beyond 2,8,8…so that’s all we’ll do for now!

59. Atoms that have the same number of electrons have the same chemical properties.

60. How many electrons in each shell?
C O F Na
2, , , ,8,1

61. What are ions?
Charged atoms
Have lost or gained
an electron

62. Lost or Gained How Many e-?
H+ Li+ Na+ K+
Be+2 Mg+2 Ca+2
Al+3
F- Cl- Br- I-
S-2
Lost one e-
Lost 2 e-
Lost 3 e-
Gained one e-
Gained 2 e-

63. Note Ions and Formulas Na+ Cl- +1 -1 NaCl 1:1 Mg2+ Cl- +2 -1 MgCl2 1:2
Na+ S Na2S 2:1
Mg2+ S MgS 1:1

64. Which are ions? Cl O-2 Na+1 N2 Why? O-2 Na+1
Charged atoms (lost or gained electrons)
show charges as superscripts

65. Which electrons determine…
The chemical properties of the atom?
Outermost shell

66. Periodic Table Hint:
You can tell how many electrons are in an atom’s outermost shell by just looking at its position on the periodic table!!!!!

67. e- in outer shells
1 2

68. with other atoms? Ones that do not have filled outer electron shells
Which atoms combine…
with other atoms?
Ones that do not have filled outer electron shells

69. TO HAVE FILLED OUTER ELECTRON SHELLS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
What is the driving force to make atoms join with other atoms to form compounds?
TO HAVE FILLED OUTER ELECTRON SHELLS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

70. Get a filled outer electron shell?
How does an atom…
Get a filled outer electron shell?
Gaining, losing, or sharing electrons

71. If one electron is…
Lost what charge will the ion have? +1

72. If one electron is gained…
What charge will the ion have? -1

73. If 2 electrons are lost…
What charge will the ion have? +2

74. If two electrons are gained…
What charge will the ion have? -2

75. Making Correct Formulas:
Note how the ion charge becomes the subscript of the other ion
Na+ Cl NaCl
Mg2+ Cl MgCl2
Na+ S Na2S
Mg2+ S MgS

76. What do we call the forces that…
Hold atoms together in a molecule?
Chemical bonds…not to be confused with James Bond

77. IONIC BOND What makes up ionic bonds? IONS WHY?
Opposite charged ions attract

78. Covalent Bond What makes up covalent bonds?
Atoms that are sharing electrons

79. Comparing Bonds IONIC BOND (gain or lose e-)
COVALENT BOND (sharing e-)

80. How can covalent bonds be written?
Single bond double bond triple bond
C-C C=C C=C
C:C C::C C:::C