1. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
LIVER, GALLBLADDER, AND PANCREAS

2. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 TO IDENTIFY THE EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER AND PANCREAS
 TO EXAMINE THE HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE LIVER, GALLBLADDER, AND PANCREAS
pancreas-07
 TO CORRELATE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THESE ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS

3. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 PANCREAS
1) EXOCRINE PORTION
2) ENDOCRINE PORTION

4. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 PANCREAS
1) EXOCRINE PORTION
- synthesizes and secretes enzymes via a system of ducts that are essential for digestion in the intestine
- synthesizes and secretes hormones into the bloodstream to regulate glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism
2) ENDOCRINE PORTION

5. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 PANCREAS
1) EXOCRINE PORTION
- COMPOUND ACINOUS GLAND
- EACH ACINI CONSIST OF 5-8 PYRAMIDAL CELLS THAT SIT ON A BASAL LAMINA AND SURROUND A CENTRAL LUMEN
ACINAR CELLS
- BASALLY LOCATED NUCLEI & RER
- SUPRANUCLEAR GOLGI ZONE
- ZYMOGENIC GRANULES CONTAINING DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN APICAL REGION
CENTROACINAR CELLS
- LINE LUMEN OF ACINUS
- SECRETE LARGE AMOUNTS OF BICARBONATE

6. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 PANCREAS
1) EXOCRINE PORTION
PANCREAS H&E
INTERCALATED DUCTS
INTRALOBULAR DUCTS
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INTERLOBULAR DUCTS
MAIN DUCTS

7. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 PANCREAS
1) EXOCRINE PORTION
INTERCALATED DUCTS
- lined with simple squamous epithelium
INTRALOBULAR DUCTS
- lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
- size on the order of magnitude of acini
General rule: as increase diameter of lumen, increase height of cells lining the lumen
INTERLOBULAR DUCTS
- lined with simple columnar epithelium
- found in fibroconnective tissue septa

8. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 PANCREAS
1) EXOCRINE PORTION
ACINAR CELLS
- BASALLY LOCATED NUCLEI & RER
- SUPRANUCLEAR GOLGI ZONE
- ZYMOGENIC GRANULES CONTAINING DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN APICAL REGION
trypsinogen, amylase, lipase
release regulated by CCK and secretin released by APUD cells of the intestine
CENTROACINAR CELLS
- LINE LUMEN OF ACINUS
- SECRETE LARGE AMOUNTS OF BICARBONATE

9. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 PANCREAS
1) EXOCRINE PORTION
INTERCALATED DUCTS
PANCREAS H&E

10. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 PANCREAS
1) EXOCRINE PORTION
PANCREAS H&E
EXO-
ENDO-
2) ENDOCRINE PORTION
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11. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 PANCREAS
2) ENDOCRINE PORTION
- PRINCIPLE FUNCTION IS TO SECRETE HORMONES THAT REGULATE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
- MASSES OF RICHLY VASCULARIZED ENDOCRINE CELLS SCATTERED THROUGHOUT THE PANCREAS
- SEPARATED FROM SURROUNDING ACINAR CELLS BY THIN CAPSULE OF RETICULAR FIBERS
- 3 CELL TYPES IN ISLET DISTINGUISHED ONLY VIA SPECIAL STAINS

12. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 PANCREAS
2) ENDOCRINE PORTION

13. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 PANCREAS
2) ENDOCRINE PORTION
CELL TYPES:
1) ALPHA CELLS (20%)
- SECRETE GLUCAGON; RAISES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
2) BETA CELLS (75%)
raise blood glucose levels (release of glucose into the blood via gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis)
lower blood glucose levels (uptake and storage of glucose, synthesis of glycogen
- SECRETE INSULIN; LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
3) DELTA CELLS (5%)
- SECRETE SOMATOSTATIN; INHIBITS GLUCAGON AND INSULIN SECRETION

14. pancreas-02

15. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER
1) EXOCRINE PORTION
- synthesizes and secretes bile via a system of ducts that is essential for digestion in the intestine
2) ENDOCRINE PORTION
- synthesizes and secretes numerous plasma proteins into the bloodstream: (albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, lipoproteins, etc.)

16. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER
PORTA HEPATIS
PORTAL TRIAD

17. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER
Classical Liver Lobule
- basic functional unit of liver

18. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
- central vein at center
- hexagonal in shape
- portal triad at corners
 LIVER
- short axis: branches of portal triad between 2 classic lobules
- long axis: between 2 central veins
- portal triad at center
- triangular in shape
- central vein at corners
CLASSIC LOBULE
PORTAL LOBULE
LIVER ACINUS
classic lobule: common venous drainage
portal lobule: common bile drainage
liver acinus: best functional unit since mirrors patterns of liver degeneration, regeneration, or toxic effects due to quality of vascular perfusion

19. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS

20. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS

21. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER
1 HEPATOCYTES
2 SINUSOIDS
3 SPACE OF DISSE
4 BILE CANALICULI

22. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER
1 HEPATOCYTES
2 SINUSOIDS
3 SPACE OF DISSE
- perisinusoidal space between basal surfaces of the endothelial cells and the surfaces of the hepatocytes
glycogen stored in large amounts
lots of golgi near bile canaliculi
microvilli to increase surface area
4 BILE CANALICULI
- small canal beginning the biliary tree formed by apposed grooves in adjacent hepatocytes

23. LIVER
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24. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER

25. LIVER H&E PV HA BD
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26. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER
BILE DUCTS
- lined with simple cuboidal epithelium

27. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER
LIVER H&E
1 HEPATOCYTES
2 SINUSOIDS
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28. RETICULAR FIBER MESHWORK
ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER
LIVER
RETICULAR FIBER MESHWORK
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29. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER
RETICULAR FIBER MESHWORK
KUPFFER CELLS
- phagocytic cell, liver macrophage

30. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER
LIVER H&E
KUPFFER CELLS CV
liver-02

31. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER
LIVER H&E
KUPFFER CELLS
liver-03

32. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER
3-D APPRECIATION FOR HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OBSERVED IN 2-D

33. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 LIVER
3-D LOOK AT THE BILIARY SYSTEM

34. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
LIVER H&E
 LIVER
SITE OF HEMOPOEISIS DURING EARLY GESTATION
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35. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
LIVER H&E
 LIVER
SITE OF HEMOPOEISIS DURING EARLY GESTATION
liver-10

36. liver-04

37. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 GALLBLADDER
- LOCATION FOR CONCENTRATION AND STORAGE OF BILE
ROUTE OF BILE
HEPATOCYTE
BILE CANALICULI
RT & LT HEPATIC DUCTS
COMMON BILE DUCT
FILLING OF GALLBLADDER

38. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 GALLBLADDER
THREE LAYERS:
1) MUCOSA
- lined with tall columnar epithelium and underlying basal lamina & lamina propria
- mucosa highly folded and irregular
- NO MUSCULARIS MUCOSA OR SUBMUCOSA -
2) MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
- layers of smooth muscle with irregular orientation
3) ADVENTITIA or SEROSA

39. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 GALLBLADDER
EPITHELIUM:
- tall columnar epithelium and underlying basal lamina & lamina propria
- basally located nuclei
- fine microvilli border