1. Genetically Modified Organism in Africa Kyle Mark Marwan Erik Kyle Mark Marwan Erik

2.  Can genetically modified crops lead to a sustainable Africa?

3. GMOs  Alter genetic make up  Target specific traits (resistance to insects, increased nutrients etc…)  Alter genetic make up  Target specific traits (resistance to insects, increased nutrients etc…)

4. Interdependence  GMOs produce higher yields. But higher yields are useless without better distribution.  Better distribution produces less poverty. But better distribution is useless without higher yields.  GMOs produce higher yields. But higher yields are useless without better distribution.  Better distribution produces less poverty. But better distribution is useless without higher yields.

5. Cost of GMOs  Time and Money  Possibility of failure  Unknown Consequences (genetic erosion ------> loss of biodiversity)  Problems -----> Increased reliance on aid  Time and Money  Possibility of failure  Unknown Consequences (genetic erosion ------> loss of biodiversity)  Problems -----> Increased reliance on aid

6. Short Term  -Producers: Profits from selling GM crops -Consumers: Higher yields, more sustainable crops

7. Long Term  -Producers: need to help implement an infrastructure to support an agriculture industry -Consumers: need to use GM crops to stimulate economic growth

8. Resistance in Europe and Japan  European Union Ban on U.S. rice  Labels on GM food  Long term effects?  European Farmers  European Union Ban on U.S. rice  Labels on GM food  Long term effects?  European Farmers

9. Other Problems in Africa  AIDS (40 million + living w/ AIDS)  Rapid Population Growth (triple by 2050)  Political Conflict  AIDS (40 million + living w/ AIDS)  Rapid Population Growth (triple by 2050)  Political Conflict

10.  Simply throwing GMOs at a complex problem is a waste of resources.

11. Mutual Benefit  Producers + Consumers =  Producers and consumers need to work together to mutually benefit.  United States producers of GM crops are one of the largest beneficiaries to the increased production of GM crops.  Producers + Consumers =  Producers and consumers need to work together to mutually benefit.  United States producers of GM crops are one of the largest beneficiaries to the increased production of GM crops.

12.  Monsanto is a company that provides GM crops and seeds to consumers.  They posted record-profits in the first fiscal quarter of 2007.  Monsanto's first-quarter sales rose 10% to $1.54 billion, topping estimates of $1.53 billion  Monsanto is a company that provides GM crops and seeds to consumers.  They posted record-profits in the first fiscal quarter of 2007.  Monsanto's first-quarter sales rose 10% to $1.54 billion, topping estimates of $1.53 billion

13. Large Industry  + +  = $65 billion annual revenue  + +  = $65 billion annual revenue

14.  -US-GMO Companies are in a unique position.  Reclaim the prowess of the American corporate world.  Facilitate in new technological innovations that will:  a. revolutionize the agriculture industry  b. end worldwide hunger and poverty  -US-GMO Companies are in a unique position.  Reclaim the prowess of the American corporate world.  Facilitate in new technological innovations that will:  a. revolutionize the agriculture industry  b. end worldwide hunger and poverty

15. Take Aways  Hunger not only problem of Africa  Addressing only hunger is very narrow and linear thought  Need to think broader (shift toward systems thinking)  Hunger not only problem of Africa  Addressing only hunger is very narrow and linear thought  Need to think broader (shift toward systems thinking)

16. Further Research  More on each individual problem  More on interaction of problems/Aid with each other and at addressing problem of creating a sustainable Africa  More on each individual problem  More on interaction of problems/Aid with each other and at addressing problem of creating a sustainable Africa

17. Can GM foods lead to a sustainable Africa?  NO!  But they can play a major role.  NO!  But they can play a major role.

18. Works Cited  AAP General News Wire. Sydney, August 7, 2006. Page 1. Ababa, Addis. “ United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. ” 27 August 2001.  “ A Rice Dillemma. ” The Social Issues Research Centre. 12 February 2001.  De Lattre-Gasquet, Weili, Le Bruchec. “ Genetically modified plants in Africa: issues and research. ” OCL- Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides, 2002. Page 445-453.  Eicher, Carl K. “ Crop Biotechnology and the African Farmer. ” Food Policy, 2006. Page 504-527.  Heslop, Louise A. “ Journal of Consumer Policy. ” Dordrecht, June 2006. Vol. 29, Iss. 2, page 203. Knight, John G, Mather, Damien W, Holdsworth, David K. “ British Food Journal. ” Bradford, 2005. Vol. 107,  Iss. 9, page 653.  Mandaro, Laura. “ Monsanto reaps profit on corn. ” MarketWatch. 4 January 2007.  Nevin, Tom. “ African Business. ” London, November 2004. Page 40. Nevin, Tom. “ Will GM Foods Overwhelm Africa? ” African Business, November 2004. Page 40-41. Price, Stuart. “ Danger! The Hidden Perils of GM Crops. ” African Business, December 2004. Page 14-19.  Shah, Anup. “ AIDS in Africa. ” Conflicts in Africa, 3 December 2006. Source online at:  Starling, Shane, Budgar, Laurie. “ Functional Foods. ” Paddock Wood, November 2006. Page 7.  “ Technologies to Feed the World. ” The National Academies. 2005. Viljoen, Dajee. “ Detection of GMO in food products in South Africa: Implications of GMO labeling. ” GM  African Journal of Biotechnology, 2006. Page 73-82.  Whitman, Deborah B. “ Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? ” ProQuest CSA, April 2000.  Zerbe, N. “ Feeding the famine? American food aid and the GMO debate in Southern Africa. ” Food Policy,  2004. Page 593-608.  Zinkand, Dan. “ Who Benefits from GMO? ” Iowa Farmer Today, 29 March 2001.  AAP General News Wire. Sydney, August 7, 2006. Page 1. Ababa, Addis. “ United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. ” 27 August 2001.  “ A Rice Dillemma. ” The Social Issues Research Centre. 12 February 2001.  De Lattre-Gasquet, Weili, Le Bruchec. “ Genetically modified plants in Africa: issues and research. ” OCL- Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides, 2002. Page 445-453.  Eicher, Carl K. “ Crop Biotechnology and the African Farmer. ” Food Policy, 2006. Page 504-527.  Heslop, Louise A. “ Journal of Consumer Policy. ” Dordrecht, June 2006. Vol. 29, Iss. 2, page 203. Knight, John G, Mather, Damien W, Holdsworth, David K. “ British Food Journal. ” Bradford, 2005. Vol. 107,  Iss. 9, page 653.  Mandaro, Laura. “ Monsanto reaps profit on corn. ” MarketWatch. 4 January 2007.  Nevin, Tom. “ African Business. ” London, November 2004. Page 40. Nevin, Tom. “ Will GM Foods Overwhelm Africa? ” African Business, November 2004. Page 40-41. Price, Stuart. “ Danger! The Hidden Perils of GM Crops. ” African Business, December 2004. Page 14-19.  Shah, Anup. “ AIDS in Africa. ” Conflicts in Africa, 3 December 2006. Source online at:  Starling, Shane, Budgar, Laurie. “ Functional Foods. ” Paddock Wood, November 2006. Page 7.  “ Technologies to Feed the World. ” The National Academies. 2005. Viljoen, Dajee. “ Detection of GMO in food products in South Africa: Implications of GMO labeling. ” GM  African Journal of Biotechnology, 2006. Page 73-82.  Whitman, Deborah B. “ Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? ” ProQuest CSA, April 2000.  Zerbe, N. “ Feeding the famine? American food aid and the GMO debate in Southern Africa. ” Food Policy,  2004. Page 593-608.  Zinkand, Dan. “ Who Benefits from GMO? ” Iowa Farmer Today, 29 March 2001.