1. Argument & Reasoning

2. Argument & Reasoning
According to Aristotle, ________, or the “art of persuasion” is "the ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion.” He described three main forms of rhetoric (persuasion):
rhetoric

3. Three Forms of Persuasion
_______: Appeal to ________. When the speaker is seen as trustworthy, knowledgeable, and ___________ in the audience, the audience will likely accept what the speaker says as true.
ETHOS
character
interested

4. the company that I trust the most
Acme Gizmotronics, the company that you've , has recently entered the World Wide Web! Now you can purchase our through the internet. Our gizmos, widgets, and thingamabobs can be shipped to you within minutes. All come with the that makes Acme the company that for it's gizmo needs.
Our spokesperson, Mr. Coyote says "I've used Acme products for years. Their slingshots, rocket launchers, crowbars, pogo sticks, and power pills are the best around. And don't forget their high-powered dynamite! I buy everything from Acme. They are "
trusted for over 100 years
fine products
quality
famous
lifetime guarantee
the world depends on
the company that I trust the most

5. Three Forms of Persuasion
_______: Appeal to _______. Pathetic or emotional appeals, persuades audiences by _________ the emotions.
PATHOS
emotion
arousing

8. Three Forms of Persuasion
_______: Appeal to ______. Logos refers to different systems of reasoning, working together to persuade an audience.
LOGOS
reason

9. Three Types of Reasoning
1. _________ Reasoning: From general to specific.
These types of arguments are called __________ and are proven by analyzing the claims:
A. All men or mortal B. Socrates is a man C. Therefore, Socrates is mortal
Deductive
General
Spec
Syllogisms
True
True
True

10. Deductive Reasoning Not all syllogisms give true conclusions.
A. All cats are mortal B. Socrates is mortal C. Therefore, Socrates is ____
When we use deductive reasoning in normal conversation, we usually use an __________. Enthymemes allow the audience to supply the “_____________” evidence to support the claim.
True
True
a cat
False
enthymeme
common-sense

11. Deductive Reasoning A. Connie is a cheerleader B. ____________________
Enthymemes simplify the syllogism to two steps:
Ex. Connie is a cheerleader, therefore Connie is very popular.
A. Connie is a cheerleader
B. ____________________
C. Connie is very popular
True
Cheerleaders are popular ? ?

12. Deductive Reasoning Questions to ask about Deductive Arguments:
Is the General Statement True?
Is the Specific Example True?
Does the Specific Example apply to the General Statement?
Is Connie a Cheerleader?
Are Cheerleaders popular?
Is Connie popular? Is it because she is a cheerleader, or for other reasons?

13. Three Types of Reasoning
_________: Reasoning from specific to general.
We use inductive reasoning all the time, however, it does not provide ________, but only _________.
Inductive
Spec
General
certainty
probability

14. Inductive Reasoning Ex. Evidence: Conclusion: Questions:
I met 5 people from Conroe, they were all mean.
People from Conroe are mean.
Are there enough examples? (you only met 5 people) Are the examples typical? (anything unusual?) Are there important exceptions, or special cases? (at doctor’s office / dentist?)

15. Inductive Reasoning Ex. Evidence: Conclusion: Questions:
The sun has risen every day for the past year.
The sun will rise tomorrow.
Are there enough examples? (365+) Are the examples typical? (Yes, usual occurrence) Are there important exceptions? (none foreseeable)

16. Three Types of Reasoning
3. _____________: All effects have a specific cause.
CAUSE - - -> - - -> - - -> EFFECT
Ex1. Evidence:
Conclusion:
Questions:
Cause & Effect
Jane studied for hours.
She will get an “A” on the test
Is the Cause connected to the Effect? Will studying for hours ensure an “A”?

17. Cause & Effect Ex2. Evidence: Conclusion: Questions:
As the sale of ice cream increases, the murder rate goes up.
Eating ice cream causes murder.
Is the Cause connected to the Effect? Could there be another explanation? i.e. More ice cream is sold in the summer when it is hot, heat causes tempers to flair, etc.

18. Types of Faulty Reasoning
Glittering Generality
________________: Vague and general statements that cannot be ________ or _________. Ex. “Pepsi is the best soda.”
____________: Pilling up information about an ____ without much ______. Ex. “Join the Army. You’ll meet new people, go different places and can even get a college education.”
proven
disproven
Card Stacking
idea
backing

19. Types of Faulty Reasoning
_______________: Everyone else is doing it, ____ should do it also. Ex. “We are all going to the party, you don’t want to be left out.”
_________________: An endorsement by someone who is ___________ from the product / idea. Ex. George Foreman endorsing Meineke mufflers.
Bandwagon Appeal
you
Unrelated Testimonial
disconnected

20. Types of Faulty Reasoning
___________: Attacks the person rather than the idea. (___________) Ex. “Oh yeah, well I have a better class average than you do.”
Name Calling
Ad Homenim