1. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2013–2014 Update Tenth Edition
Joshua S. Goldstein Jon C. Pevehouse
Chapter One: The Globalization of International Relations

2. Chapter One: The Globalization of International Relations
A 2013 summit in Quebec City among the leaders of the Canadian Space Agency and those from Japan, Russia, the U.S. and involved European nations produced a revived promise to keep up the International Space Station until at 2020, if not beyond.
International Space Station, 2010.

3. 1.1 Globalization, International Relations, and Daily Life
Core Principles of IR
IR as a Field of Study
International relations concerns peoples and cultures throughout the world.
Relationships closely connected with other actors, social structures, geographical and historical influences
Narrowly defined: The field of IR concerns the relationships among the world’s governments.
Globalization: the central trend in IR today and fueled by actors, social structures, geographical and historical influences
Two events reflect globalization
September 11 attacks
Global economic recession of
Three core principles—dominance, reciprocity, and identity—offer different solutions to the collective goods problem.
Theories complement descriptive narratives in explaining international events and outcomes, and although scholars do not agree on a single set of theories or methods, three core principles shape various solutions to collective goods problems in IR.
IR is about international politics —the decisions of governments about foreign actors, especially other governments
Political relations among nations cover a range of activities diplomacy, war, trade relations, alliances, cultural exchanges, participation in international organizations, and so forth.
MyLab Activity 1: Simulations. Why Study International Relations?
Creative assignment: Remind students that the heart of international relations is the concept that they both impact, and are impacted by, global politics. Then present them with the scenario of Apple Inc. and the Taiwanese company Foxconn, in which poor working conditions and worker mistreatment led to suicides, protests, and riots at Foxconn factories in China which had contracted to manufacture Apple’s iPods.
Divide the class into groups, with each representing a different “actor” in this scenario within the international system. Possible actors for the groups to represent include: (1) American consumers of the iPod as nonstate actors, (2) Apple as an MNC, (3) Foxconn as another MNC, (4) a Chinese local labor union as a nonstate actor, (5) Human Rights Watch as an NGO, (6) the U.S. and/or Chinese governments as state actors, (7) Chinese factory workers, and (8) journalists investigating the scenario.
Ask each group to discuss and sketch out how other actors in the Foxconn/Apple scenario will affect them. How will the actor they represent impact other actors? What impacts will their group feel from other actors? Finally, ask the groups to discuss what relevance and influence is represented by both the actor they represent and the actors they will affect. Students will then present their findings to the class, and the discrepancies in each groups’ estimation of their impact, relevance, and influence can contribute to a useful discussion about how perception effects the way nation-states, IGOs, NGOs, MNCs, and others perform in the international system. Simulations. Why Study International Relations?
Ask each group to discuss and sketch out how other actors in the Foxconn/Apple scenario will affect them. How will the actor they represent impact other actors? What impacts will their group feel from other actors? Finally, ask the groups to discuss what relevance and influence is represented by both the actor they represent and the actors they will affect. Students will then present their findings to the class, and the discrepancies in each groups’ estimation of their impact, relevance, and influence can contribute to a useful discussion about how perception effects the way nation-states, IGOs, NGOs, MNCs, and others perform in the international system.

4. MyLab Media
Simulations. Why Study International Relations? Please log into MyPoliSciLab with your username and password before accessing this link.

5. Core Principles of IR IR revolves around one key problem
Collective goods problem
Three basic principles offer possible solutions to collective-goods problems
Key problem: How can a group – in this case two or more countries – serve its collective interests when doing so requires its members to forgo their individual interests?
The problem of how to provide something that benefits all members of a group regardless of what each member contributes to it.
Three basic principles: Dominance, reciprocity, identity.
Lecture Activity: After having touched upon the three core principles of IR, which offer possible solutions to problems at the heart of convincing individuals to work for the common good without a central authority compelling them to do so, ask students to break into groups. Within each group a different student will represent a different nation with a seat on the UN Security Council. Ask them to discuss how the principles of dominance, reciprocity, and identity play out in this particular context. 5

6. TOUCHED BY WAR
While figures vary, it is estimated that between 2003 and 2013, between 170,000 and 190,000 people have died due to the war in Iraq, about 2/3 of them civilian deaths, and about 4,800 of them deaths of Coalition military forces (about 4, 500 of them American).
IR affects our lives in many ways. This woman’s boyfriend died in Iraq in 2006.

7. TRAVEL COMPANIONS
Collective goods are provided to all members of a group, regardless of their individual contributions. For example, these migrant workers crossing the Sahara desert in Niger in 2006 all depend on the truck’s progress, even while perhaps jostling for position among themselves. In many issue areas, such as global warming, the international community of nations is similarly interdependent. However, the provision of collective goods presents difficult dilemmas as players seek to maximize their own share of benefits.
In general, collective goods are easier to provide in small groups than in large ones.
The collective goods problem occurs in all groups and societies but is particularly acute in international affairs, because each nation is sovereign.
Theories complement descriptive narratives in explaining international events and outcomes, and although scholars do not agree on a single set of theories or methods, three core principles shape various solutions to collective goods problems in IR.

8. Dominance - Solves the collective-goods problem by establishing a power hierarchy in which those at the top control those below
Reciprocity - Solves the collective-goods problem by rewarding behavior that contributes to the group and punishing behavior that pursues self-interest at the cost of the group
Identity - Identity principle does not rely on self-interest. In IR, identity communities play important roles in overcoming difficult collective-goods problems

9. IR as a Field of Study IR is about international politics
The field is interdisciplinary
Mix of conflict and cooperation in relationships among countries
Subfields
The decision of governments about foreign actors, especially other governments.
Interdisciplinary: It relates to international politics to economics, history, and sociology.
Subfields:
International security studies (Questions of war and peace)
International political economy (Trade and financial relations) Practical discipline.

10. In explaining how countries behave in IR, a central concept is the “collective goods problem.”
This recurring problem results when two or more members of a group share an interest in some outcome of value to them all, but have conflicting individual interests when it comes to achieving that valued outcome.
Aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, New Jersey, Global climate stability is a collective good.

11. How to deal with the issue of global warming
1.1 Globalization, International Relations, and Daily Life Q. What key problem does international relations revolve around?
How to deal with the issue of global warming
How to solve global poverty
How a group can reconcile its collective and individual interests
How to properly negotiate treaties 11

12. C) How a group can reconcile its collective and individual interests
Answer:
C) How a group can reconcile its collective and individual interests 12

13. True-False
A person who achieves the position of power through a struggle between his/her siblings is an example of dominance. 13

14. Answer:
True 14

15. 1.2 Actors and Influences State Actors Nonstate Actors
Levels of Analysis
Globalization
Principal actors in IR are the world’s governments
IR scholars traditionally study the decisions and actions of those governments in relation to other governments.
Individual actors: Leaders and citizens, bureaucratic agencies in foreign ministries, multinational corporations, and terrorist groups
MyLab Activity 2: Video. Conflict Diamonds and the Kimberly Process.
Creative Assignment: Inform students that since the events of the early 2000s referenced in this Kimberly Process MyLab video, one key founder of the Process resigned his position, while another convinced diamond-producing nations to discontinue their support of the Process, because he perceived it to be a failure.
Ask students to break into couples to discuss the IPE aspect of the Kimberly Process concerning diamond-trade relations among nations and how nations have cooperated politically to create and maintain institutions like the Kimberly process that regulate the flow of international economics and finance around diamonds. Ask students what role the balance of developed nations and developing nations plays in the creation and enforcement of these regulations – is this a fair power balance?
Also, at the more local level, ask students to take on the role of a couple deciding to buy a diamond engagement ring. How important is it to them that their diamond not be a “blood” or “conflict” diamond? How much research are they willing to pursue to ensure the origins of their diamond? Why are or aren’t they concerned with the ethics of buying a diamond – either in the form of their own purchase or in the form of diamonds as purchased by stores from mining and diamond multinationals? Ask some groups to present their findings to the class.

16. MyLab Media
Video: Conflict Diamonds and the Kimberly Process. Please log into MyPoliSciLab with your username and password before accessing this link.

17. State Actors Territory Government Population Sovereignty
International system - set of relationships among world’s states
International system
Modern International system existed for less than 500 years
Before then - city-states, empires, feudal fiefs
Idea that nations should have own states - nation-states
Some political entities not formally recognized as states
Example: Taiwan and others

18. POWERS THAT BE
States are the most important actors in IR; the international system is based on the sovereignty of about 200 independent territorial states of varying size.
Nonstate actors such as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs) exert a growing influence on international relations.
States are the most important actors in IR. A handful of states are considered great powers and one a “superpower.” Here, leaders of Britain, the United States, and Germany watch a British-German soccer game (overtime shootout) together during a G8 summit at Camp David, 2012.

19. Figure 1.1 lists the fifteen largest countries by population and economy. Each is an important actor in world affairs, especially the nine in the center that are the largest in both population and economy.
GDP very similar to the Gross National Product (GNP). Such data is difficult to compare across nations with different currencies, economic systems, and levels of development. In particular, comparisons of GDP in capitalist and socialist economies, or in rich and poor countries, should be treated cautiously.

20. Nonstate Actors
Transnational actors when they operate across international borders
Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
Substate actors
Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
organizations whose members are national governments
Example: OPEC, WTO, NATO, African Union
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
private organizations
Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
companies that span multiple countries
Substate actors
exist within one country but either influence the country’s foreign policy or operate internationally or both
Lecture Activity: Bring up and explain an event in the world of international relations that involves an intergovernmental organization and has occurred within several days of your lecture. Once you have discussed the issue, ask students to use key concepts from the chapter to share their individual positions. Finally, have the students discuss how their positions on the policy issue might have been or be swayed by government influence over media. 20

21. POWERS THAT BE
Another type of transnational actor, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) , are private organizations, some of considerable size and resources.
Increasingly NGOs are being recognized, in the UN and other forums, as legitimate actors along with states, though not equal to them.
Some of these groups have a political purpose, some a humanitarian one, some an economic or technical one.
Sometimes NGOs combine efforts through transnational advocacy networks.
Nonstate actors participate in IR alongside states, although generally in less central roles. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are becoming increasingly active in IR. Here, the singer and activist Bono helps present an Amnesty International award to Burma’s Aung San Suu Kyi, 2012.

22. National governments may be the most important actors in IR, they are strongly influenced by a variety of actors.
These actors are also called transnational actors when they operate across international borders.
Nonstate actors such as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs) exert a growing influence on international relations.

23. Levels of Analysis Four levels of analysis in the study of IR:
Individual
Domestic
Interstate
Global
Many actors involved in IR
Leads to complexity of competing explanations and theories
Response: IR scholars sort out the influences, actors, and processes, and categorize them into different levels of analysis.
Perspective on IR based on a set of similar actors or processes that suggests possible explanations to “why” questions
Individual, domestic (state or societal), interstate, global levels of analysis

24. One way scholars of IR have sorted out the multiplicity of influences, actors, and processes is to categorize them into different levels of analysis.
A level of analysis is a perspective on IR based on a set of similar actors or processes that suggests possible explanations to “why” questions. IR scholars have proposed various level-of-analysis schemes, most often with three main levels (and sometimes a few sublevels between).

25. Globalization
Expanded international trade, telecommunications, monetary coordination, multinational corporations, technical and scientific cooperation, cultural exchanges, migration and refugee flows, relations between world’s rich and poor countries
First view
Second view
Third view
Globalization: Three conceptions of/schools of thought on this process compete, and the concept is changing both international security and IPE, but IPE more quickly and profoundly.
First view
Global marketplace - result of liberal economic principles
Second view
World’s major economies no more integrated today than before World War I, North-South gap increasing
Third view
Transformationalists - state sovereignty eroded by EU, WTO
Discussion Question: Ask students to discuss whether globalization is the upside of liberal economic principles, or whether it’s a more problematic phenomenon. Have students use evidence from the chapter as well as evidence from recent international politics to inform their discussion.

26. THINK GLOBALLY
Some scholars view globalization as the fruition of liberal economic principles, and perceive the global marketplace to have brought growth and prosperity (not to all countries but to those most integrated with the global market).
Alternatively, some scholars are skeptical of these claims about globalization, noting that the world’s major economies are no more integrated today than before World War I, and noting that the North-South divide is no less relevant.
As the world economy becomes more integrated, markets and production are becoming global in scope. This Hong Kong container port ships goods to and from all over the world, 2008.

27. 1.2 Actors and Influences Q: Which of the following is only informally recognized as a state, despite being a political entity often referred to as one?
Israel
Iraq
Taiwan
Western Sahara 27

28. Answer:
C) Taiwan 28

29. True-False:
The head of state and of government are one in the same in every nation. 29

30. Answer:
False 30

31. 1.3 Global Geography North-South gap North South
Most important geographical element at the global level of analysis
North
South
North-South gap
Most important geographical element at the global level of analysis
North
West - North America, Western Europe, Japan/Pacific
Old East - Russia and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
South
Latin America
Africa
Middle East
Much of Asia
World regions – geographical distinction/divisions of the world
Global North-South gap
Between the relatively rich industrialized countries of the North and the relatively poor countries of the South is the most important geographical element in the global level of analysis

32. The regions have been drawn indicate demarcations between the relatively rich industrialized countries of the North and the relatively poor countries of the South, which is the most important geographical element at the global level of analysis.
Several criteria beyond income levels help distinguish major geographically contiguous regions, such as similar economic levels, cultures, and languages.
States with a history of interaction, including historical empires or trading zones, are also placed together in a region. Finally, countries that might possibly unify in the future—notably South Korea with North Korea, and
China with Taiwan—are kept in the same region.

33. IR scholars have no single explanation of the huge North-South income gap.
Geography provides one context in which IR takes place; history provides another.

34. The North maintains control of roughly 4/5 of the world income, and about 90% of manufacturing industries are property of and located in the North.
Alternatively, the South has access to 1/5 of the world income.

35. Table 1.5 shows the approximate population and economic size (GDP) of each region in relation to the world as a whole.
As the table shows, income levels per capita are, overall, more than five times as high in the North as in the South.
The North contains only 20 percent of the world’s people but 60 percent of its goods and services.
The other 80 percent of the world’s people, in the South, have only 40 percent of the goods and services.

36. 1.3 Global Geography Q: In the global North, the GDP per capita is roughly how many times as high as in the global south?
Three
Four
Five
Six 36

37. Answer:
D) Six 37

38. Russia/CIS has the lowest GDP per capita in The North Region.
True-False:
Russia/CIS has the lowest GDP per capita in The North Region. 38

39. Answer:
True 39

40. 1.4 The Evolving International System
The Two World Wars,
The Cold War,
The Post-Cold War Era,
The basic structures and principles of international relations are deeply rooted in historical developments.
World Wars I and II dominated the 20th century, yet they seem to offer contradictory lessons about the utility of hardline or conciliatory foreign policies.
For nearly 50 years after World War II, world politics revolved around the East- West rivalry of the Cold War. This bipolar standoff created stability and avoided great power wars, including nuclear war, but turned states in the global South into proxy battlegrounds.
The post–Cold War era holds hope of growing peace and great power cooperation despite the appearance of new ethnic and regional conflicts.

41. The Two World Wars, 1900-1950 Cult of the offensive Trench warfare
Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations
Munich Agreement
Pearl Harbor, Hiroshima, Negasaki
The Two World Wars, :
Occupied only ten years of the 20th century, but shaped the character of the century
U.S. isolationism between WWI and WWII, declining British power, and a Russia crippled by its own revolution left a power vacuum in the world.
In the 1930s, Germany and Japan stepped into the vacuum.
In Europe, Nazi Germany rearmed, intervened to help fascists win the Spanish Civil War, grabbed territory from its neighbors.
1939 – Hitler invaded Poland, leading Britain and France to join the war against Germany.
Hitler double-crossed Stalin; invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.
U.S. joined WWII in 1942
During this time, Japan fought a war to control Southeast Asia against the U.S. and its allies.
Lessons of the two world wars seem contradictory.
IR scholars have not discovered a simple formula for choosing the best policy to avoid war. 41

42. World War I (1914–1918) and World War II (1939–1945) occupied only ten years of the 20th century (see Figure 1.3).
But they shaped the character of the century.
Nothing like those wars has happened since, and they remain a key reference point for the world in which we live today.

43. The Cold War, 1945-1900 Yalta, Marshall Plan
NATO and Warsaw Pact, containment
Sino-Soviet split
Korean War
Sputnik, U-2 spy plane, Bay of Pigs
Cuban Missile Crisis
Proxy Wars
Vietnam War
Tiananmen Square
Perestroika and glasnost - fall of Soviet Union
U.S. and Soviet Union – two superpowers of the post-WWII era
Stable framework of relations emerged.
Central concern of the West: that the Soviet Union might gain control of western Europe.
Sino-Soviet alliance
Sino-Soviet split when China opposed Soviet moves toward peaceful coexistence with the U.S.
Afghanistan
1970s strategic parity between U.S. and Soviet Union
Pro-democracy movement in China
Perestroika
Breakup of the Soviet Union
Scholars do not agree on the important question of why the Cold War ended.
Discussion question: As a way of discussing the concept of containment, remind students of the example of U.S. involvement in the Korean War. Then, ask students to use what they have learned in the chapter about contemporary U.S. military actions to discuss alternatives to containment, and/or what containment looks like, in a post-9/11 era.

44. Despite the hostility of East-West relations during the Cold War, a relatively stable framework of relations emerged, and conflicts never escalated to all-out war between the largest states (see Figure 1.4).
Although the Soviet bloc did not join Western economic institutions, all the world’s major states joined the United Nations (unlike the ill-fated League of Nations).
The central concern of the West during the Cold War was that the Soviet Union might gain control of Western Europe—either through outright invasion or through communists’ taking power in the war-weary and impoverished countries of Western Europe.

45. IRON CURTAIN
The toppling of the Berlin Wall in late 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War division of Europe, and Germany formally reunified in 1990,
Soviet leader, Gorbachev, allowed these losses of power in hopes of concentrating on Soviet domestic restructuring under perestroika (economic reform) and glasnost (openness in political discussion).
Alternatively, China remained a communist, authoritarian government but liberalized its economy and avoided military conflicts.
During the Cold War, the U.S. and Soviet sides sought spheres of influence. Europe was divided, and Germany itself was split, with its capital, Berlin, also divided. In 1961 the communist side built the Berlin Wall, seen here in 1962, to keep its population from leaving. It was dismantled as the Cold War ended in 1989.

46. IRON CURTAIN
Peaceful trends mark the post–Cold War era, though war and terrorism continue. The Arab Spring popular uprisings in 2011–13 brought the world’s latest wave of democracy to the Middle East. They overthrew governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen; sparked civil war in Syria; and reshaped the region’s international dynamics. Here, supporters of newly elected Islamist president Mohammed Morsi celebrate in Tahrir Square—in the capital of Egypt, at the heart of the Arab world—in 2012.
The post–Cold War era holds hope of general power cooperation, despite the appearance of new ethnic and regional conflicts.

47. The Post-Cold War Era, 1990-2013 Gulf War - Iraq occupied Kuwait
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Breakup of Yugoslavia
Somalia and Rwanda
September 11, 2001; Afghanistan, Iraq
More peaceful than Cold War
Globalization in international economic relations
China more central to world politics
Iraq invades Kuwait, 1990
Collapse of Soviet Union
Western relations with Russia mixed since the 1990s
Globalization
Some backlash; resurgence of nationalism and ethnic-religious conflict
Concerns about environmental degradation and disease

48. North Korea controlled more of the Korean peninsula.
1.4 The Evolving International System Q: What was the result of the Korean War at the time of the 1953 truce?
North Korea controlled more of the Korean peninsula.
China shifted its support to South Korea.
The United States shifted its support to North Korea.
South Korea became a key political ally in Asia. 48

49. D) South Korea became a key political ally in Asia.
Answer:
D) South Korea became a key political ally in Asia. 49

50. The Gulf War was initiated when Iraq invaded Qatar.
True-False:
The Gulf War was initiated when Iraq invaded Qatar. 50

51. Answer:
False 51

52. Chapter Discussion Question
Using the current war in Afghanistan and the Vietnam War for comparison, what are some evolving approaches to international relations? You might focus on summit meetings, containment, crises, drone strikes, and assassinations.