1. Astronomy at 41,000+ Feet: The Story of the SOFIA Mission ( Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy) Dana Backman SOFIA Education & Public Outreach, USRA & the SETI Institute

2. Outline  Background info about infrared astronomy  The SOFIA Program AircraftAircraft TelescopeTelescope Putting it TogetherPutting it Together Testing ItTesting It  Education & Public Outreach

3. William Herschel Discovery of Infrared Radiation - 1800

4. All the types of “electromagnetic radiation” … Making Light of it All!

5. Temperature determines the main type of radiation emitted … (left to right: Compton, Chandra, Hubble, and Spitzer space observatories)

6. Getting the WHOLE picture Constellation Orion left: view at visual wavelengths right: far-infrared view  An object can look radically different depending on the type of light collected from it:

7. But there’s a problem...  Earth’s atmospheric water vapor absorbs almost all incoming infrared radiation  Even mountain-top observatories get a limited view of the infrared universe

8. View of troposphere / stratosphere boundary from above

9. And a Solution...  High-flying aircraft -- above 40,000 ft -- can observe most of the infrared universe  Airborne infrared telescopes can be more versatile -- and much less expensive -- than space infrared telescopes NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) C-141 with a 36-inch telescope onboard, based at NASA-Ames near San Francisco, flew from 1975 - 1996,

10. SOFIA--The Next Generation Airborne Observatory 2.5-meter (100-inch) telescope in a Boeing 747SP To be based at NASA-Dryden, with scientific mission center at NASA-Ames 140 8-hour research flights per year; 20 year lifetime 20% share with the German space agency DLR The world’s largest portable telescope ! Useful for both visible and infrared research 1+ month per year in southern hemisphere First test flights in ‘07, first science in ‘09

11. The Aircraft - “Clipper Lindbergh”

12. SOFIA — The Observatory open cavity (door not shown) TELESCOPE pressure bulkhead scientific instrument (1 of 9) scientist stations, telescope and instrument control, etc. Educators work station

13. Inside, looking aft

14. The Telescope

15. The Telescope Primary Mirror

16. Counter Weight Primary Mirror M1 M2 M3-1 M3-2 Focal Plane Focal Plane Imager Major Telescope Components Cameras Focal Plane Imager Science Instrument Hydraulic System Motors Breaks Bearing Sphere Forward Bulkhead Vibration Isolation

17. Putting it together - L-3 Communications Integrated Systems, Waco, TX

18. Testing It - Observing Polaris with telescope and scientific instrument - August ‘04

19. Testing It - inside the cabin during Polaris observations

20. One of SOFIA’s 9 scientific instruments that are being built at universities and research institutes in the U.S. and Germany [this is the HIPO instrument crew from Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff]

21. Test flights began April 26, 2007

22. SOFIA Science Vision What does SOFIA add to what the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope can do?  SOFIA collects and analyzes infrared radiation of types Hubble cannot: Hubble has a near-infrared camera; SOFIA also has mid- and far-infrared cameras  SOFIA is 3x larger than the Spitzer infrared telescope, thus SOFIA can see details 3x smaller and distinguish objects in regions 9x as crowded as can Spitzer  SOFIA has a much larger set of instruments than either Spitzer or Hubble, especially a comprehensive set of spectrometers that measure composition and motions of celestial objects  SOFIA is designed to operate for 20 years, equal to Hubble’s planned lifetime longer than Spitzer and most other NASA observatories  Teachers, journalists and other guests can fly onboard SOFIA as partners with the astronomers and learn how scientific research really works

23. 90 cm telescope KAO & Spitzer

24. 250 cm telescope SOFIA

25. Constellation Orion right: far-IR view, star forming regions

26. Organic Growth & Chemistry in the ISM FormationProcessing Fossil / Delivery

27. The ring of dust and gas will fall into the black holeThe ring of dust and gas will fall into the black hole Many if not all galaxies seem to have central blackMany if not all galaxies seem to have central black holes like out galaxy -- a clue to how galaxies form? Our galaxy’s central black hole is obscured by dust,Our galaxy’s central black hole is obscured by dust, and is only observable by infrared observatories like SOFIA Astronomers observing fast-moving stars and gas infer a 4 million solar mass black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy Astronomers observing fast-moving stars and gas infer a 4 million solar mass black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy Feeding the Black Hole in the Center of the Galaxy

28. SOFIA Occultation Studies of Objects in our Solar System  SOFIA can probe the sizes, structures (rings), and atmospheres of solar system bodies by measuring how they occult background stars Toward Occulted Star Motion of Occulting Object Shadow of Occulting Object Earth Object  SOFIA is uniquely suited for this because it can deploy over most of the Earth to be in the right place at the right time: Can pick from hundreds of events each yearCan pick from hundreds of events each year

29. Typical (hypothetical) flight path

30. Southern hemisphere deployment -- flight plan to study the Galactic Center

31. SOFIA’s over-all program management is located at NASA’s Dryden Flight Research Center in southern California, next to Edwards AFB. Management of SOFIA’s science and mission operations is at NASA’s Ames Research Center in northern California, in Silicon Valley, contracted to Universities Space Research Association (USRA) A consortium of 102 universities in the US and abroad 20 research facilities and programs - some at each NASA center Operator of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston

32. Back to the good old KAO …

33. It’s 3 AM onboard the KAO... Airborne Astronomy Education & Outreach Ames Research Center Scientists Teachers Reporter Mission Director FOSTER Flight Staff

34. Someone You Know Could Fly on SOFIA  Airborne Astronomy Ambassadors - About 100 educators per year will fly on SOFIA - Classroom teachers - Planetarium & science center staff - Community college faculty - Amateur astronomers  SOFIA--”A space observatory that comes home every morning”

35. For further information:  SOFIA science project home page http://www.sofia.usra.eduhttp://www.sofia.usra.eduhttp://www.sofia.usra.edu  Spitzer Space Telescope’s award-winning infrared tutorial http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.eduhttp://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.eduhttp://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu (includes instructions for home-made Herschel demo)