2. The Rock Cycle Types of Rocks Forces that change rocks Weathering Erosion Deposition Heat and Pressure

3. Types of Rocks: IGNEOUS Igneous rocks are “made by fire” because they are formed from magma (molten rock) or volcanic activity. Igneous rocks include quartz, granite, obsidian, geodes, ash, pumice, lava, feldspar, mica, silica, and many minerals and crystals. If the magma reaches the surface of the earth, it can cool quickly, leaving little time for crystals to grow. Magma that cools under the surface takes longer to cool, and the crystals have time to grow bigger. Large granite domes such as Enchanted Rock (TX) and Half Dome (Yosemite) were once magma “bulges” underground.

4. Igneous Rock Review Intrusive Igneous: Magma that cools under the earth’s surface, underground Granite (same silica content as obsidian) Gabbro (silica- poor) Extrusive Igneous: Magma at the earth’s surface is called lava The more silica in the magma, the more explosive the eruption Obsidian, rhyolite (silica- rich, like granite) Basalt (gentle flow of lava, small grains)

5. Write what you learned about igneous rocks What is magma? What kinds of rocks are formed from magma underground? What other things did you learn? What is the difference between magma and lava? What kinds of rocks are formed from lava?

6. Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Sedimentary Rocks are made from sediments, or small pieces of other types of rocks which have been broken down (weathered,) carried away (eroded,) and deposited in other places on the earth’s surface. Sedimentary rocks usually show layers (as in sandstone or shale) or small pieces that are cemented together to form larger rocks (such as conglomerates or aggregates.) Other sedimentary rocks are formed by buried decaying organisms such as plants and animals.

7. Types of Sedimentary Rocks Clastic Rocks: “stuck together” rocks Sandstone (made from sand grains) Siltstone/ mudstone (made from mud or silt stuck together) Shale (made from tiny clay particles) Conglomerates (pebbles and sand cemented by minerals) Chemical Rocks: made from minerals after the water that carried them evaporates) Rock Salt (Halite) Gypsum Limestone (from evaporated seas/ lakes) Chert

8. More Sedimentary Rocks Organic Rocks: formed from the remains of plants and animals Coal: see text p. E58- 59 Chalk (from tiny sea creatures) Limestone (from sea animals with shells) Fossils: from plants or animals buried in layers of sediments, then replaced by minerals (text p. E74- 77) Mold: imprint, hollow “cup.” “A mold can ‘hold’.” Cast: the actual 3-D object turned to stone

9. Review Sedimentary Rocks Clastic: “stuck together” Chemical: “Mineral deposits” Organic: Decayed plants/ Animals

10. Write what you learned about sedimentary rocks How are sedimentary rocks formed? Include words such as: –Erosion –Deposits –Sediments –Cementing –Pressure –Layers –Evaporation –Dissolved

11. METAMORPHIC ROCKS The word “metamorphic” means “to change form.” Metamorphic rocks begin as some other type of rock (igneous or sedimentary) and then change. Examples: –Shale (sedimentary) Slate (metamor.) –Granite (igneous) Gneiss (metamor.) –Limestone (changes to) marble

12. Rocks Can Change Changes are seen in the texture (size of grains) and/ or composition (mineral make-up) of the rock. Contact metamorphism (see Heat) Regional Metamorphism (see Pressure) Burial Metamorphism (Heat & Pressure are lower) Causes of change are: –Heat (contact with nearby magma changes minerals and grain sizes) –Pressure (from weight of rocks on top causes grains to line up in the same direction = banded rocks) –Chemicals (from magma’s liquids or gases change minerals)

13. Fossil Fuels Plants & Animals contain carbon and hydrogen. They undergo changes when they die and are quickly buried under other sediments. Bacteria, pressure from more sediments, and increased heat change organisms into Fossil Fuels. Swamp or bog plants decay and form peat. More heat & pressure form lignite (a sedimentary rock.) More heat & pressure form coal, which is a rock that burns as fuel.

14. Fossil Fuels OIL AND GAS ARE FORMED FROM REMAINS OF OCEAN PLANTS AND ANIMALS THAT WERE BURIED BY SEDIMENTS. OVER LONG PERIODS OF TIME, BACTERIA, HEAT, AND PRESSURE CHANGED THE ORGANISMS TO OIL AND GAS.

15. Write what you know about fossil fuels Tell what specific materials make fossil fuels. Name as many fossil fuels as you can. Are these sources of energy renewable? What forces are necessary to make fossil fuels? Explain. Does it take a short/ long time to make fossil fuels? Explain. What living organisms help change the decayed materials into fossil fuels?

16. THE ROCK CYCLE Forces that break down: Weathering and Erosion –Roots break rocks. –Freezing and heating make cracks. –Glaciers scour, polish, move, or grind rocks. –Wind (scouring, erosion) –Water (erosion) –Dissolving Forces that build up: Deposition of more sediments over time Rising magma forms new rocks under the earth’s surface. Lava flows and volcanic eruptions bring more rock material to the surface of the earth (ash, lava, obsidian, basalt, etc.)

17. HEAT AND PRESSURE MELTING COOLING WEATHERING DEPOSITION ROCK CYCLE

19. COOLING Magma cools to form granite, gabbros, and minerals “Lava” (extrusive magma that reaches the surface of the earth) cools to form obsidian (volcanic glass,) pumice, basalt, lava rocks

20. WEATHERING All rocks can be broken down or “weathered.” The pieces of rock can be huge blocks or slabs that break off from cliffs or boulders that are moved by glaciers. Rocks and minerals may be ground up into grains of sand. Rocks may be tumbled in rivers against other rocks to form pebbles.

21. DEPOSITION Broken pieces of rock are carried and deposited (set down) in other places by: –Wind (dust storms) –Water (wave action, floods, mudslides, rivers, rain runoff) –Evaporation leaves sediments behind (minerals in caves or lakebeds, or in layers of sediments)

22. MELTING All types of rocks can melt and become magma again: –Igneous –Sedimentary –Metamorphic The cycle begins again and continues to change rocks as time goes on.

23. Write your explanation of the rock cycle Write several paragraphs to explain the steps of the rock cycle. Write a short explanation for each word: Melting Cooling Weathering Deposition Heat and Pressure