1. STANDARD METHODS FOR MONITORING INDOOR AIR POLLUTION TO EVALUATE IMPROVED STOVE PROGRAMS: PLANS, PROTOCOLS, & PROGRESS R.D. Edwards 1,2, K. Naumoff 2, O. Masera 3, C. Chengappa 4, K. Dutta 5, R. Grinnell 6, P. Serrano 3, S. Rastogi 4, C. Armendáriz 3, D. O’Neal 6, K.R. Smith 2 1 University of California at Irvine, 2 University of California at Berkeley, 3 GIRA Mexico, 4 Development Alternatives, New Delhi, 5 ARTI Pune 6 HELPS, Guatemala City.

2. Why do we need standard methods? Evaluation of improved stove programs is needed so that programs & stoves can be better designed & programs better targeted. One problem with past Improved Stove Programs Little systematic evaluation of stove impact in actually reducing IAP. Why? Lack of accessible equipment & methods for stove disseminators. To address this problem, We have developed a training program & inexpensive PM & CO monitors as well as stove performance test protocols that stove disseminators can use to evaluate their stove programs.

3. IAP Training & Monitoring Package Reference Materials –Survey Design & Sample Size Calculation –Methods for Reducing the COV –QA/QC Equipment –UCB Particle Monitor –UCB Software & Computer Cables –HOBO CO Monitor –HOBO Software –CO Dosimeter Tubes & Caps –IAP Monitoring Data Sheets –Sampling Questionnaires –Stove Performance Test Protocols & Equipment –Field Supplies (batteries, voltmeter, hammer, flashlight, nails, tape, etc) Internet Site –http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/hem/page.asp?id=1

4. UCB Particle Monitor Ionization Chamber Photoelectric Chamber Challenges Calibration period Dealing with large data flows Battery life & loss of connection Smooth integration of software/firmware/hardware

5. CO Monitoring: HOBO Monitor & Dosimeter Tubes Electrochemical Sensor Continuous Sample Passive Area Sampler Chemical Reaction Integrated Sample Passive Personal or area sampler

6. Stove Performance Tests Water Boiling Test Single Pot StoveTwo Pot Stove (Development Alternative Stove Models) Kitchen Performance Test Protocols & Training by Rob Bailis

7. Progress Mexico (GIRA): Monitoring in a Traditional & an Improved Stove HH Monitors Fires Smoke Evidence Patsari improved stove

8. Smoke levels over 24 hours, traditional HH Although HOBO-CO and UCB-PM measure different pollutants, CO and small particles, both show the patterns of stove usage in the home.

9. Smoke levels over 24 hr, Patsari improved stove HH Note the big difference in the vertical axis scale from the last slide.

10. Results from preliminary data: Percentage reduction The Patsari stove shows a reduction in average levels & in the peak levels of smoke & CO in the home.

11. Comparison to other research relying on gravimetric methods GIRA’s estimates agree well with the Kirk Smith group’s PM measurements in Guatemala including: Before & after intervention PM measurements in a much larger sample (n=126) adjusted for differences in the groups at baseline as well as for seasonal/time effects; & Gravimetric PM1.0 measurements. Results show a similar large reduction (92%) in kitchen PM1.0 concentrations in traditional compared to improved stove homes. Source: McCracken et al ISEA 2004

12. CO & PM correlate well in preliminary data from ten Mexican households 48-h mean concentrations

13. Next Steps: Time Activity Supplementary Package Considering a time/activity package for groups wishing to do exposure assessments without personal monitoring. Preliminary tests with UCB Locator show good results, with 93% accuracy rate in field trials as measured against direct observation. Development team led by Gian Allen-Piccolo.

14. Next Steps: Additional Training Resources Provide a supplementary package for groups wishing to do more detailed studies with the kits, including personal monitoring & ventilation measurements. The Berkeley Center for Entrepreneurship in International Health and Development will be conducting training & providing kits for stove programs starting 2005. (http://ceihd.berkeley.edu) HEM website will have all the protocols, sample questionnaires, calculation spread sheets, info on design & sample size methods, QA/QC, etc, in 2005. Under the same Shell Foundation grant, the University of Liverpool is developing standard methods for assessing changes in child & mothers' health.

15. Conclusion Thanks to our NGO Partners… Appropriate Rural Technology Institute & Development Alternatives, India GIRA, Mexico HELPS, Guatemala And to our generous funder, The Shell Foundation.