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5. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY Military psychology is the research, design and application of psychological theories and empirical data towards understanding, predicting and countering behaviours either in war or in peace e.g. training. 5 It is derived from different psychology disciplines into a tool used by the military, to enable the troops to better survive the stresses of war and training. Cont.

6. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 6 These stresses include PTSD, guilt, family difficulties, nightmares, flashbacks, fatigue, anxiety, frustration, depression etc. Military Psychologist applies different approaches from counselling to therapies in order to treat the stress and psychological trauma.

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9. 9 Guidance and Counselling are twin concepts. Emerged as essential elements in every training & educational activity. Not synonymous terms.  Guidance means to indicate, point out, show the way, lead out & direct.  Broader and comprehensive.  Preventive. Counselling is a part of guidance. A specialized service of guidance.  It is the process of helping the individuals learn more about themselves, their presents & their possible future situation to make a substantial contribution to the society.  In-depth and narrow.  Remedial.

10. 10 Cont.

11. 11 Cont. Techniques to help people deal with psychological or interpersonal problems. Focus on changing behavior. Therapy approaches are related to the main theoretical perspectives and beliefs about root of behavior.

12. 12 Cont.

13. 13 Cont.  Mental health disorder  Maladaptive or interfering behaviour  Coping with general life problems (relationship issues)

14. 14Cont.  Free Association  Dream Analysis  Interpretation  Resistance  Transference Dream Analysis : Dreams reveal unconscious urges symbolically. Psychoanalyst traces latent (true meaning) content of dreams. Transference : Form of projection. Transferring feelings and emotions towards positive event. Resistance : Avoidance or denial of certain topics or issues. Interpretation : Opinion about themes/issues influencing client’s behavior Free Association : Talks about subject without censoring. Unconscious urges are eventually revealed. Focuses less on unconscious and more on conscious actions. Person needs supportive environment to self- explore and heal. Focus comes from person or client. Therapists facilitate self- awareness and personal growth through: Empathy, Genuineness, and Unconditional positive regard. Behavior therapy focuses on changing current behaviors; also called behavior modification. Two categories of treatment:  Classical Conditioning  Operant Conditioning Change maladaptive patterns of thinking and perceiving. Replace with more adaptive patterns Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) combines behavior and cognitive therapy. Highly effective in treating anxiety, depression, eating disorders and substance abuse. Medications used to treat mental health problems. Not a cure, but can reduce symptoms. Stabilizes symptoms so psychological issues can be addressed.

15. 15 Change the Perspective! Activating Event (A) Belief Consequence (Behavioural / Emotional) DisputeNew Effect (B) (E) (D) (C)

16. 16  A Answers are not simple or straightforward.  M Many factors related to effectiveness.  E Eclectic, integrated and diverse approach is required.

17. 17  P Psychology is the science of behaviour and mental process.  M Military psychology is derived from many psychological principles and used in war and peace.  M Military psychologist provides psychological assistance in war and training where high risks are involved and reliability is indispensable.  U Uses of therapy. Cognitive-behaviour therapy.  M Many factors related to effectiveness.  E Eclectic, integrated and diverse approach is required.

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