1. Affirmative Action

2. Basis of classificationStandard of reviewApplying the test RaceInherently suspect (difficult to meet) Is the classification necessary to accomplish a compelling governmental purpose and the least restrictive way to reach the goal? GenderIntermediate standard (moderately difficult to meet) Does the classification bear a substantial relationship to an important governmental goal? Other (age, wealth, etc) Reasonableness (easy to meet) Does the classification have a rational relationship to a legitimate governmental goal?

3. Definition: Programs that give preferences to certain groups as a result of past or present injustices.

4. Equality of Opportunity vs. Equal of Results

6. Three Types of Affirmative Action: 1. Quotas 2. Set asides 3. Preferences