1. The Subjunctive!
An Introduction to
Wheelock Ch. 28

2. Menu What is the subjunctive? Subjunctive Tenses Subjunctive Clauses
Conjugation
Translation

3. What is the Subjunctive?
A “mood,” -- a manner of expressing a verbal action or state of being.
Latin has three moods
We’ve studied two- the indicative and imperative

4. What is the Subjunctive?
In Latin
Potential
Tentative
Hypothetical
Ideal
Unreal
In English
“may/might”
“should/would’
“may have”
“would have”
“were/would”

5. Subjunctive Tenses There are only four subjunctive tenses!
Present (today’s lesson)
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect

6. Subjunctive Clauses
In the next few weeks, you will be introduced to a series of subjunctive clauses:
Jussive (or hortatory subjunctive)
Purpose clauses
Result clauses
Indirect questions
“Cum” clauses

7. Subjunctive Clauses cont.
Relative Clauses of Characteristic
Proviso clauses
Conditonal statements
Jussive noun clauses
Fear Clauses

8. Subjunctive Clauses cont. This is a lot of info, so…
Catalog these clauses in a notebook
or computer file
Learn the “DRT” for each new type of subjunctive
The DRT (the “dirt”)
Definition
Recognition
Translation

9. Conjugation (present subjunctive)
laudem
laudes
laudet
moneam
moneas
moneat
ducam
ducas
ducat
audiam
audias
audiat
capiam
capias
capiat
laudemus
laudetis
laudent
moneamus
moneatis
moneant
ducamus
ducatis
ducant
audiamus
audiatis
audiant
capiamus
capiatis
capiunt

10. Conjugation cont. KEY: “We beat all liars”
The vowels preceding the personal endings are “-e-, -ea-, -a-, and -ia-” for the first, second, third, and fourth/third-io conjugations, respectively.
The present passive subjunctive follows the same pattern, only passive endings are used (e.g. lauder, lauderis, laudetur).

11. Conjugation cont.
A subjunctive could easily be mistaken for an indicative, if you neglect to recognize a verb’s conjugation…
therefore….

12. You WILL have problems if you do not master the simple stuff!
Know Your Vocab!
Go back and review!
You WILL have problems if you do not master the simple stuff!

13. Translation The present subjunctive is often translated with “may.”
BUT, as mentioned before,
translation will vary depend-
ing on the type of clause.

14. Homework Wheelock ch. 28 “Practice and Review” #1-10
“Sententiae Antiquae” #1-5
Read chapter 29 (Jussive Subjunctive)
Prepare for quiz tomorrow on the subjunctive