1. Robotics Research Laboratory Louisiana State University

2.  Diode ◦ Zener diode, Avalanche diodes, Photodiode diode ◦ Light Emitting Diode  Digital Out – pin out control ◦ LED ON ◦ LED OFF ◦ LED TOGGLE  LED Matrix ◦ 3*3 LED matrix ◦ 5*7 LED matrix ◦ 8*8 LED matrix

3. COL1COL2 COL3 ROW1 ROW2 ROW3 ROW1 ROW2 ROW3 COL1 COL2COL3

4. COL1COL2 COL3 ROW1 ROW2 ROW3 ONOFF ON COL1COL2 COL3 ROW1 ROW2 ROW3 OFFON OFF ON OFF ON COL1COL2 COL3 ROW1 ROW2 ROW3 OFF ON OFF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

5.  Digital Output ◦ 8 * 8 LED matrix ◦ Techniques for LEDs control on LED matrix ◦ Buzzer (sound)  Basic I/O Operation – PORT  Digital input ◦ Switch ◦ Button ◦ Toggle button (Flag)

6.  64 LEDs

7.  8 x 8 LED matrix ◦ How many pins are needed for 8x8 LED matrix control?  One LED at each frame ◦ How many frames are required for one picture? ◦ What is maximum delay of one frame for one picture? (25 frames per second)  One Column or Row at each frame ◦ How many frames are required for one picture?  What are different effects on LED?

8.  Tic-Tac noise  Siren  Sound pitch control  Play Song

9.  Port Control Registers PORT Control Registers (A ~ G) DDRx Controls the I/O status of the PORT pins PORTx Controls the output status of pins PINx Reads the Input status of pins

10. DDRx Register01101100 PORTxIn out In out In Controls I/O status

11. PORTx Register01101100 PORTx out Controls I/O status DDRx Register11111111 offon offon off Binary : 0b01101100 Hex: 0x6C Decimal: 76

12. PORTx Register01101100 PORTx in Controls DDRx Register00000000 vcc Pull-up for input 0x00 0x6C

13. PORTx Register11111111 PORTx in Controls DDRx Register00000000 vcc PINx Register01101100 Reads - + + - + + - - 0x6C 0xFF 0x00

14. PORTD PORTB PORTE PORTG PORTF PORTA PORTC

15.  PORT setting for input/output ◦ Can be configured individually ◦ Ex) PORTA = 0x00// pins in PORTA are inputs PORTA = 0xFF// pins in PORTA are outputs PORTA = 0X0F// 0~3 pins are outputs // 4 ~7 pins are inputs PORTA = 0x08// only pin3 is a output  Read PORT value (8bit) : 0 ~ 255

16. 65473210 DDRA: 0x0F in in in in out out out out PINA : 0x36 (48) - + -- - + ++ LED4 LED2 LED1 Button4 Button3 Button1 Button2 Button 1,2 : Released, Button 3, 4 : Pressed LED 1,4 : OFF, LED 3,4 : ON PIN 0 ~ 3 : Output (LED), PIN 4 ~ 7 : Input (Button) PORTA: 0xF6 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 Pull-up for input PIN1,2 are high(on) PIN 0,4 are low(off) 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 GND

17. Hexa-decimalBinaryDecimal 0x00b00000 0x10b00011 0x20b00102 0x30b00113 0x40b01004 0x50b01015 0x60b01106 0x70b01117 0x80b10008 0x90b10019 0xA0b101010 0xB0b101111 0xC0b110012 0xD0b110113 0xE0b111014 0xF0b111115 0x6C0b0110 1100108

18. ◦ AND ( & ) : 0 & 0  0 0 & 1  0 1 & 0  0 1 & 1  1 ◦ OR ( | ) :0 | 0  0 0 | 1  1 1 | 0  1 1 | 1  1 ◦ XOR (^) : 0 ^ 0  0 0 ^ 1  1 1 ^ 0  1 1 ^ 1  0 ◦ Bit Shifts( > ) : 1 << 3  00001000 (=8) ◦ 40 >> 1  00101000 >> 1  00010100 (=20) 40 >> 5  00000001 (=1)

19.  Ex) bitwise operations Let’s assume that we add 4 buttons on PINA4 ~ 7 and 4 LEDs on PINA0~3 LED0  PIN0, LED1  1, LED2  2, LED3  3 button0  PIN4, button1  PIN5, button2  PIN6, button3  PIN7 DDRA = 0x0F (0b00001111): PINA0 ~3= output, PIN4~7 = input PORTA = 0xF0 (0b11110000) : pull up from PIN4 to 7 for input PINA = 0xF0 (0b11110000): initial status of PINA All LEDs are off, all buttons are released If LED2 is only need to be on  PORTA = PORTA | 0x04 ( 0b00000100 )  PINA == 0xF4 ( 0b11110100 ) Then, if only button2 is need to be read  PINA & 0x04 ( 0b01000000 ) Button2 released: PINA ( 0b11110100 ) & 0x40 ( 0b01000000 ) 0x40 (0b01000000)

20.  /home/csc2700/csc27000/08-button-led- 3x3-01

21.  Make two buttons, a plus button and a minus button  Whenever the plus button is pushed, a number of LEDs turned on are increased all LEDs are on  Whenever the minus button is pushed, a number of LEDs turned on are decreased until all LEDs are off

22.  Create an animation player which has two buttons, a play button and a selection button ◦ Selection button is for selecting different LED animations ( at least three LED animations ) ◦ Play button is for controlling stop/play selected LED animations