1. Ocean Space and Human Activity Multilevel Governance of Ocean Space, a challenge for the informed society of tomorrow Jan H. Stel International Centre for Integrative Studies University of Maastricht The Netherlands jh.stel@icis.unimaas.nl

2. Ocean Space and Human Activity Europe’s EEZ Paradox Largest shared EEZ Maritime policy GOOS - EuroGOOS

3. Ocean Space and Human Activity Arctic EEZ

4. Ocean Space and Human Activity The Arctic EEZ and the media “This isn't the 15 century … “This isn't the 15 th century … … 'We're claiming this territory',"

5. Ocean Space and Human Activity European Integrated Maritime Policy ….. Work in progress GMES

6. Ocean Space and Human Activity o oUSA 12.2 my km 2 9.83 my km 2 o oFrance10.1 my km 2 0.26 my km 2 o oAustralia 8.5 my km 2 7.74 my km 2 o oRussia 7.5 my km 2 17.10 my km 2 o oNew Zealand 6.7 my km 2 0.26 my km 2 o oIndonesia 6.2 my km 2 1.90 my km 2 o oCanada 5.6 my km 2 9.98 my km 2 o oUnited Kingdom 5.5 my km 2 0.24 my km 2 o oJapan 4.5 my km 2 0.38 my km 2 o oChile 3.6 my km 2 0.76 my km 2 ‘Top Ten’ of the Ocean States

7. Ocean Space and Human Activity Ocean Space governance - UNCLOS EEZ enclosure  transition towards Sustainability Common Heritage of Mankind notion  ?? Basic Science Planetary boundaries, tipping points, complex societal problems, etc., and transition towards Operational Oceanography Scientists emphasize that the rapid expansion of human activities since the industrial revolution has now generated a global geophysical force equivalent to some of the great forces of nature.

8. Ocean Space and Human Activity Complex societal problems Complex societal problems “To address the complexity of management regimes, it is essential to develop a methodology and collect the information required for the systematic valuation of ocean assets and services” IWCO, 1998, p 115 IWCO, 1998, p 115  new approaches for governance

9. Ocean Space and Human Activity Sustainable development Sustainable development “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future” WCED, 1987 WCED, 1987 Characteristics of SD Long term processLong term process Multi-level: micro and macro levelMulti-level: micro and macro level Multi-domain: social-cultural, economic, ecologicalMulti-domain: social-cultural, economic, ecological Context specificContext specific

10. Ocean Space and Human Activity Integrated Assessment Philosophy: Mode 2 science or post normal science Uncertainty & normativity  trans- and interdiscipinarity participative approaches explorative instead of predictive broader engagement

11. Ocean Space and Human Activity Complex societal issues Complex societal issues social-cultural social-cultural domain domain ecological economic domain domain Integrated Assessment integration

12. Ocean Space and Human Activity Transition concepts when and how do transitions occur? Predevelopment Stabilization time Societal development Acceleration Take-off Macro-level (landscape, trends) Meso-level (regimes, institutions) Micro- level (Niches, individuals) From: Rotmans et al, 2000 From: Geels and Kemp, 2001

13. Ocean Space and Human Activity Transition process Social capital - Ecological capital Economic capital economy transport energy ecology institutions water culture technology

14. Ocean Space and Human Activity Transitions in action 2050 tijd take-off acceleration stabilisation 1980 2001 2006 2010 Sustainable society? health care energy waste waterconstruction mobility finance

15. Ocean Space and Human Activity Transition process Strategic (culture, worldviews, norms and values) Tactical (institutions, networks, structures) Operational (practices, innovations, niches) Reflexive monitoring, evaluation and adaptation Developing sustainability images, coalitions and joint transition- agendas Problem structuring, envisioning and organizing transition- arenas Creating space for niches, mobilizing actors and developing transition- experiments

16. Ocean Space and Human Activity Transitions in action Monitori ng, evaluatin g and adapting Developing sustainabili ty images, coalitions and joint transition- agendas Problem structuring, envisioning and organizing transition- arenas Mobilizing actors and transition- experiments TM 1.0 Creating space and convergence Arenas, experiments Discourse and culture Monitori ng, evaluatin g and adapting Developing sustainabili ty images, coalitions and joint transition- agendas Problem structuring, envisioning and organizing transition- arenas Mobilizing actors and transition- experiments TM 2.0 Focus on breakthroughs Institutions for transition Upscaling and structural change

17. Ocean Space and Human Activity UNCLOS III and UNCED 1992 Two decades of progress Two billion more people SO We have to speed up! Education & Outreach Use IYO, IPY lessons learned New communication technology CONCLUSIONS

18. Ocean Space and Human Activity Ocean Space – Human Activity Thank you for your attention “A great human revolution in just a single individual will enable a change in the destiny of all humankind” Daisaku Ikeda, Japanese philosopher

19. Ocean Space and Human Activity Cultural perspectives hierarchist individualist egalitarian nature robust people self-seeking anthropocentrism adaptation growth risk-seeking nature nature fragile people good & malleable ecocentrism prevention equity &equality risk-aversive nature tolerant within limits people sinful partnership control stability risk-accepting