1. Fig. 1-29

2. Pg. 25 Inherited Disorders “Sporadic” Cancers Aging Lysosomal Storage diseases I-Cell Disease Cystic Fibrosis Cholera “Sporadic” Cancers Aging Alzheimer’s Disease Cystic Fibrosis Muscular Dystrophy

3. Drug Targets Microtubules Membrane receptors Translation components tRNA synthetases Ribosomes Ion channels Protein kinases G proteins Bcl-2 Family proteins Telomerase Transport vesicles Protein “pumps” Topoisomerases

4. Pg. 10

5. 100 µM

6. Microscopy Light Microscopy Electron Microscopy

7. Pg. 10

8. Light Microscopy Bright Field Fluorescence Phase-Contrast Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)

9. Electron Microscopy (EM) Scanning EM Transmission EM

10. Chemical Composition of Cells Pg. 58

11. Pg. 79

12. Chemical Bond Energies

13. Gene Expression

14. Monomer/Polymer

15. Nitrogenous Bases of DNA and RNA Pg. 76

16. Pg. 175

18. 3’ 5’

19. 0.34 nm Pg. 171 Major Groove Minor Groove

21. Topoisomerase Treated DNA

22. Topoisomerase Relieves Stress of Overwinding During DNA Replication

23. Camptothecin Topoisomerase is an Anti-Cancer Drug Target

24. Werner Syndrome 15 yrs. 48 yrs. Mutation in gene encoding RecQ helicase

25. Human Karyotype Pg. 179 247 M bp 47 M bp

26. Nucleus ~ 2 meters of DNA fits in the nucleus!

27. Nitrogenous Bases of DNA and RNA Pg. 76

28. RNA Molecules 5’ 3’

29. Types of RNA Molecules mRNA (gene expression) Transfer RNA (Translation) Ribosomal RNA (Translation) Small nuclear RNA (exon splicing) Micro RNA (Gene regulation) Small cytoplasmic RNA (protein transport) Ribozymes (numerous biochemical functions)

31. Protein Functions Enzymes Membrane transport Intercellular transport Hormones Receptors Nanomachines Antibodies Toxins Fibers Bioluminescence/Fluorescence

32. Pg. 74

33. (Pgs. 74-75) Amino Acid Side Chains

35. Extra carbon atom!

36. ß-Sheet alpha-helix

37. Hydrophobic Interactions in Tertiary Structure

38. Hydrogen Bonding in Tertiary Structure

39. Representations of Protein Tertiary Structure Backbone Ribbon Wire Frame Space Filling Pg. 132

40. Quaternary Structure Pg. 141

41. Protein Domains (Src protein)

42. Chloride Ion Channel Protein

43. Comparison of Protein Primary Structure Cyclin-dependent Kinase Proteins

44. (cytosol or ER membrane)

45. Complexity of Human Gene Expression

46. Pg. 202 (Modified for RNA synthesis) RNA Synthesis OH

47. Pg. 233

48. 1 µm Pg. 233

50. Exon/Intron Organization of Eukaryotic Genes Pg. 238

51. Sequence Structure of Introns

52. Pg. 239

54. Pg. 241 Alternative Splicing

55. Pg. 237 5’ Guanine Cap Structure