1. Modernity and its Discontents HI136, History of Germany Lecture 7

2.  The “Crisis of Classical Modernity”?  How Golden were the “Golden Twenties”?

3. Social Change  Urbanisation  Class  Generational Conflict  Gender

4. The Urban Republic  Continued urbanisation after 1918.  Berlin Became Germany’s premier cultural & social centre.  A hub for European travel.  1924: Tempelhof Airport opened.  Berlin had a population of 4 million by 1925 & grew by 80-100,000 people a year.  By 1928 Berlin was the world’s 3 rd largest city after London and New York.  1926: Funkturm Radio Tower built.  1928: Kempinski Haus Vaterland amusement park opened.

5. The Potsdamer Platz at night (below right), the Kempinski Haus Vaterland (above), six day bicycle race (above right )

6. The Upper Classes  No fundamental change to the social & economic structure after 1918 – no redistribution of wealth, no nationalization of industry.  But some social change:  The aristocracy (at least temporarily) dislodged from their dominant position.  Aristocratic ranks and titles banned after 1918 – many families incorporate their titles into their surnames.  Nevertheless, industrialists and landowners still powerful and the old elites represented in the Reichstag by the DVP and DNVP.  The Officer Corps of the Reichswehr more aristocratic than the old Imperial Army:  25% of regular officers came from old military families in 1913,  this number had risen to 67% by 1929.

7. The Middle Classes  Small businesses struggled to survive in the difficult economic climate of the 1920s and early 30s.  Many middle class families continued to fear a loss of status and the threat of revolution and the extreme left.  The Middle classes divided into ‘upper’ and ‘lower’ but also ‘old’ and ‘new’.  Between 1907 and 1925 the number of white collar workers grew by 4 million. Family of the Lawyer Dr Fritz von Glaser (1920) by Otto Dix.

8. The Working Classes  Slow improvement in living standards after 1924.  Shorter working day, legal Union representation and higher wages.  SPD government in Prussia invested in public works – affordable housing, increased benefits, education etc.  Extension of adult education aimed at workers.  But curriculum designed to raise class consciousness, not improve employment prospects or provide re- training.

9. Political Culture  A highly politicised, but deeply divided society.  A republic without republicans?

10. The Economy  Structural weaknesses in the Weimar economy.  Reliance on foreign investment left Germany dangerously exposed to fluctuations in the world economy.  Trend towards ‘rationalisation’ and business mergers.  Wages rose, but so did prices.  Growing unemployment.  Shrinking exports.

11. Youth  New sensitivity to lack of proper supervision of youth and too much freedom for jugendliche  1922 Reich Youth Welfare Law: “Every German child has the right to an upbringing that will ensure physical, intellectual and social fitness.”  Boy subcultures  Youth unemployment

12. Gender The American film star Louise Brooks (left) came to epitomise the look of the ‘New Woman’, while Marlene Deitrich (right) exuded sexuality and sophistication.

13. Weimar Culture  Nobel Prizes in physics:  1918: Max Planck  1921: Albert Einstein  1925: Gustav Hertz  1932: Werner Heisenberg  Classical Music: Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg  Philosophy: Martin Heidegger, Sein und Zeit (1927)  Research centres:  Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute (1920)  Institute for Social Research (‘Frankfurt School’, 1923)  Warburg Institute (1926)

14. Expressionism Above left: The Einstein Tower, Potsdam (1919-20) Below right: Wassily Kandinski, On White II (1923) Below left: still from Das Cabinett des Dr. Caligari (1919)

15. New Objectivity Großstadt (Metropolis) Triptych (1927-28) by Otto Dix

16. New Objectivity Left: The Pillars of the Establishment (1926) by George Grosz Right: Three Whores (1926) by Otto Dix

17. Bauhaus