1. TWO VIEWS OF GOVERNMENT
THOMAS HOBBES v.
JOHN LOCKE

2. EQ
How do the ideas of the philosophes build on the ideas of the scientists?
How do the ideas of the philosophes represent a dangerous challenge to the traditional authorities of Europe?
How do the ideas of the philosophes shape the democracies of the modern world?

3. THOMAS HOBBES, 1588-1679 WROTE LEVITHAN (1651)
MAN IS NATURALLY WICKED & FOOLISH
NEED GOV’T TO KEEP ORDER
WITHOUT GOV’T MAN IS IN A “STATE OF NATURE”

4. THOMAS HOBBES ARGUED THAT STRONG GOV’T IS ONLY WAY TO PROTECT PEOPLE
PEOPLE GIVE UP RIGHTS FOR ORDER & PROTECTION
CALLED “SOCIAL CONTRACT”

5. THOMAS HOBBES
BECAUSE OF THE SOCIAL CONTRACT, HOBBES WOULD SAY THAT BAD GOV’T IS BETTER THAN NO GOV’T
WHAT BETTER FORM OF GOV’T TO PROVIDE ORDER THAN ABSOLUTISM?

6. THE LEVITHAN
"During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that conditions called war; and such a war, as if of every man, against every man.
"To this war of every man against every man, this also in consequent; that nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice have there no place. Where there is no common power, there is no law, where no law, no injustice. Force, and fraud, are in war the cardinal virtues.
"No arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death: and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short."

7. JOHN LOCKE 1632-1704 BELIEVED IN HUMAN POTENTIAL
THOUGHT MAN COULD LEARN AND IMPROVE
THOUGHT MAN COULD TAKE CARE OF HIMSELF– DID NOT NEED ABSOLUTISM

8. JOHN LOCKE
GOV’T IS CREATED FOR ONE REASON ALONE: TO PROTECT THE 3 NATURAL RIGHTS
LIFE
LIBERTY
PROPERTY
IF GOV’T FAILS, IT CAN & SHOULD BE OVERTHROWN

9. JOHN LOCKE WROTE TWO TREATISES ON GOVERNMENT (1690)
LAID OUT IDEA THAT POWER TO RULE COMES FROM THE CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED, NOT FROM DIVINE RIGHT
THIS IS BASIS OF MODERN DEMOCRACY

10. LOCKE’S THOUGHTS ON GOV’T
Any single man must judge for himself whether circumstances warrant obedience or resistance to the commands of the civil magistrate; we are all qualified, entitled, and morally obliged to evaluate the conduct of our rulers. This political judgment, moreover, is not simply or primarily a right, but like self-preservation, a duty to God. As such it is a judgment that men cannot part with according to the God of Nature. It is the first and foremost of our inalienable rights without which we can preserve no other.

11. SOME OTHER IMPORTANT ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS

12. VOLTAIRE 1694-1778 WAS ARRESTED FOR SATIRE AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT
LIKED THE IDEAS OF LOCKE
WROTE IN PRAISE OF ENGLISH CUSTOMS

13. VOLTAIRE 1694-1778 ADVOCATED FREE SPEECH & FREE RELIGION
TARGETED CHURCH & ARISTOCRACY

14. VOLTAIRE
“I DISAPPROVE OF WHAT YOU SAY, BUT I WILL DEFEND TO THE DEATH YOUR RIGHT TO SAY IT”
WHY IS THAT IMPORTANT?

15. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU LAWYER
BELIEVED POLITICAL LIBERTY WAS CRUCIAL TO HAVE
ADMIRED THE BRITISH SYSTEM OF GOV’T

16. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU WROTE ON THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS (1748)
BELIEVED IN THE SEPARATION OF GOV’T POWER
“POWER SHOULD BE A CHECK TO POWER”

17. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU BELIEVED IN INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM
BELIEVED MAN WAS NATURALLY GOOD & THAT SOCIETY CORRUPTED HIM

18. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
UNLIKE HOBBES, BELIEVED THAT IN A STATE OF NATURE, PEOPLE LIVED AS FREE & EQUAL INDIVIDUALS

19. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU “MAN IS BORN FREE AND EVERYWHERE IS IN CHAINS”
STRONG FORCE THE WEAK TO SUBMIT
BELIEVED THAT THE ONLY GOOD GOV’T WAS A “DIRECT DEMOCRACY”

20. CESARE BECCARIA LAW SHOULD NOT BE VENGENANCE NO TORTURE SPEEDY TRIALS
CRIME SHOULD FIT PUNISHMENT
NO DEATH PENALTY

21. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
“IF ALL MEN ARE BORN FREE, HOW IS IT THAT ALL WOMEN ARE BORN SLAVES?”
WOMEN NEED TO BE EDUCATED
WOMEN SHOULD BE MORE THAN NURSES