1. PHYSIOLOGY

2. Vertebrate Physiology
Dr. Kristin Hager
334 Jordan Life Sciences
Office Hours
Tuesdays 11:00 AM-1:00 PM
Sign-up sheet outside of Jordan 232

3. How to do well...
Reading in the textbook ‘Human Physiology’ (D.U. Silverthorn) is required. Do it BEFORE the lecture.
Use CourseWare (webfile) for Syllabus, Lectures, Movies:
CourseWare: CourseWare (sp.11): /afs/nd.edu/courses/bios/bios
Lecture PowerPoints for the week will be uploaded every Monday
Hesburgh reserve readings available for extra help.

4. Suggested Supplementary Reading Material
Textbook of medical physiology / Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall
Essentials of human anatomy & physiology / Elaine N. Marieb
Human physiology and mechanisms of disease / Arthur C. Guyton and John E. Hall
Human physiology: from cells to systems / Lauralee Sherwood
Review of medical physiology/ William F. Ganong

5. EXAMS Four exams Each exam will contribute 25% of grade.
Feb 10
March 10
April 14
Finals week (May 9-13)
Each exam will contribute 25% of grade.
Material will come from text and lecture.

7. Levels of organization and the related fields of study
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. System Organ Tissue Cell
Cardiovascular Heart Myocardium Muscle Cell

9. Integration between systems of the body

11. Homeostasis

12. Homeostasis Claude Bernard (1880’s)
‘constancy of the internal environment’
Walter B. Cannon (1929)
Regulation of a
‘relatively constant internal environment’

14. Physiology is an Integrative Science

15. Homeostasis
Summary

16. Physiological control systems keep regulated variables within a desired range during homeostasis

17. Factors under homeostatic control
nutrients
gases
waste products pH
salt and other electrolytes
temperature
volume and pressure

18. Normal Ranges for Some Blood Values
Arterial pH
Bicarbonate mEq/L
Sodium mEq/L
Calcium mEq/L
Oxygen content ml/100ml
Urea mg/100 ml
Amino acids mg/100ml
Protein g/100ml
Total lipids mg/100ml
Glucose mg/100ml

19. Homeostatic Mechanisms
Compensating regulatory responses that correct deviations from a stable condition.
Intracellular level
e.g. allosteric modification of enzymes
Local or Intrinsic level
autoregulation within a tissue
usually nervous or endocrine systems not required
e.g. dilation of blood vessels in response to CO2
Reflex control or Extrinsic level
control system is outside the organ or tissue being influenced
nervous or endocrine systems involved

20. Antagonistic homeostatic control of heart rate

21. Tonic control of blood vessel diameter

22. Local vs. Reflex Control

24. Variable to
Control
Sensor
Receptor
Effector
Integrating
Center

25. Functions of the Integrator
Possess a “set point”
Look for error signals
Respond by controlling the effector

27. Positive Feedback Systems
Reproductive hormone cycles in females
Action potentials in nerve cells
Uterine contractions during childbirth
NOT always homeostatic

28. Set-points can be modified
e.g. thermostat in brain hypothalamus (integrator)
Increase in set-point for core body temperature during fever
e.g. acclimatization to environmental temperature,
altitude (increase red blood cells)
e.g. circadian rhythms

29. Loop efficiency can be altered
Frequency
Speed
Sensitivity
Anticipation (Feed-Forward Control)
continual observation
prediction from other information
e.g. salivation in response to smell of food

30. Arterial blood pressure decrease Heart and blood vessels Baroreceptor
Variable
Heart and
blood vessels
Baroreceptor
decreases firing
Effector
Receptor
Integrator
Afferent
Pathway
Efferent
Pathway
Brainstem

31. Homeostatic control of blood sugar (glucose)

32. Blood glucose negative feedback loop

33. Glucose Pancreas Body cells islet beta cells liver, muscle, fat
Variable
Pancreas
islet beta cells
Body cells
liver, muscle, fat
Receptor
Effector
Integrator
Pancreas
islet beta cells
Insulin
none

34. Antagonistic homeostatic control of blood sugar

35. Antagonistic homeostatic control of blood sugar
Insulin vs. glucagon