1. Affirmative Action in Higher Education A Case Study of the Effects the Courts Have Had on the Admissions Processes of Higher Education Institutions.

2. Comparison of Candidates  3.8 GPA 3.0 GPA  25 ACT 22 ACT  22 of 332 100 of 305  White Male Minority (Gratz v. Bollinger; U of Michigan)

3. Regents of the University of California V. Bakke (1978)  University of California at Davis  Medical School Admissions  Admissions Policy  Special/Regular Admissions  Case Background  Road to the Supreme Court  Supreme Court Division

4. Hopwood v. Texas (1996)  University of Texas at Austin  Law School Admissions  Admissions Policy  Categories of Admission  TI Ranges  Additional Segregation  Case Background  Road to the Supreme Court  Texas Reaction

5. The Michigan Cases Grattz v. Bollinger  University of Michigan  College of Literature, Science, and Art Admissions  Admissions Policy  Case Background  Road to the Supreme Court Decision

6. The Michigan Cases Grutter v. Bollinger  University of Michigan  Law School Admissions  Admissions Policy  Case Background  Road to the Supreme Court Decision  Justice Clarence Thomas’ Dissent on Quotas

7. Michigan University Prepares Its Defense  Team of Scholars Compiled  Study Conducted  Results of Study

8. Alternatives to Affirmative Action  “One Florida Initiative”  Jeb Bush’s Percentage Plan For Diversity in Higher Education  The Implementation  The Success of the Plan  Other States Follow

9. Conclusions  How Have Admissions Been Shaped by the Courts?  What Can the Courts Expect for the Future?  Will Affirmative Action be needed 25 Years from now?