1. Study of molecules with carbon-carbon bonds

2.  Carbon is the element present in all living things.  All compounds are classified as organic or inorganic.  Organic compounds-carbon containing  Inorganic compounds-do not contain carbon (several exceptions like CO 2 )

3.  Carbon atoms contain 4 electrons in their outermost energy level.  Most atoms are stable with 8 electrons in their outermost energy level.  To fill its outer energy level, carbon forms 4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms of other elements.

4.  When carbon bonds to other carbons, it can form 3 main shapes: 1. Straight Chains 2. Branched Chains 3. Rings

5.  There are 3 types of bonds carbon can form: 1. Single bonds 2. Double bonds 3. Triple bonds

6.  ATP- “energy currency” (stores energy for use in biological reactions)  ATP releases energy when one of its high‐energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group  Helps form organic compounds

7.  Built mostly from C, H, & O.  There are 4 major macromolecules (organic compounds). 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids  Each class has different properties.  Properties depend on how much C, H, O there is and what “other elements” are present.

8.  Monomers are the “building blocks” or “bricks” of larger organic compounds, called polymers. The largest polymers are called macromolecules.

9.  To make different types of buildings, you have to use different bricks. To make different macromolecules you need to use different monomers (bricks).  Some bricks build carbohydrates other bricks build proteins.

10.  C,H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio (C:H:O)  Monomer (brick) =Monosaccharides (simple sugars)  Examples: Glucose – cell energy, blood sugar Fructose – fruit sugar, sweetness Galactose – milk sugar  Disaccharides- two simple sugars bonded together  Examples: Sucrose –table sugar Maltose Lactose – in milk

11.  Many simple sugars=polysaccharides  Not sugars, but still carbs  Examples: Starch- glucose storage in plants Cellulose- plant fibers, give structure Glycogen-glucose storage in animals  Job= Energy source  Also provides structure in plants

12. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Examples: Glucose Fructose Galactose Disaccharides (two sugars) Examples: Sucrose Maltose Lactose Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) Examples: Starch Glycogen Cellulose

13.  Made up of C,H,& O, with greater numbers of H.  Monomers (bricks) = Fatty acids  Types of Lipids:  Steroids  Phospholipids  Wax  Fats and oils  Job= Energy STORAGE, insulation, build cell membranes

14.  Steroids  Sex hormones Estrogen & Testosterone  Cholesterol Provides support for cell membrane Too much can accumulate and cause heart disease  Phospholipids  Cell membranes  Waxes  Bee wax, plant cuticle (aloe)  Fats and oils  Solids or liquids

15.  “Good” fats  Unsaturated (bent chains)  Oils (liquid)  In cold blooded animals and plants Fish, olives  Example foods Salmon, walnuts, avocados in these foods

16.  “Bad” fats  Saturated (straight chains)  Solid  In warm blooded animals Cows, pigs  Example foods Butter, in cheeseburgers in these foods

17. Lipids Steroids Examples: cholesterol, sex hormones Waxes Examples: Beewax, earwax Phospholipids Make up cell membranes Fats and oils Unsaturated Saturated Made of fatty acid monomers types

18.  Mainly C,H,O,N, & S.  Monomers (bricks) = amino acids  Proteins are made of chains of amino acids that fold into sheets, tubes, blobs and other shapes.  Job depends on type  Many structural and regulatory functions

19.  Examples:  Enzymes – speed up reactions  Keratin – structure in hair, nails  Collagen – muscles and tendons, stretching  Insulin – breaks down sugar  Antibodies – defense in immune systems

20. Proteins Keratin In hair and nails Collagen In muscles and tendons, provides stretch Enzymes Speed up reactions Insulin Regulate blood sugar Antibodies Immune system defense Made of amino acid monomers Regulatory Examples Structural Examples

21.  Made up of C,H,O,N & P  Monomers (bricks) = nucleotides  Examples:  DNA or RNA  Job = stores and then transmits your genetic information  Provides the instructions to build proteins