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Biochem Organic Matter
What are living creatures made of ? Why do we have to eat? Have you ever wondered what happens to the food that you eat and do not flush down the toilet hours later… ???? Biochem Organic Matter The Function behind Life
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Elements of Life 96% of living organisms are made of: Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) And also … Sulfur (S) Phosphate (P)
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Carbon is the “backbone” of life
All organic molecules … have Carbon atoms as the basis of the molecule Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms Are made by chemically bonding smaller molecules called subunits (building blocks)
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The Carbon ATOM Carbon can from single, double and triple bonds.
Carbon has four places it needs to bond.
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Molecules of Life What are bodies made of?
Carbohydrates Sugars & starches Proteins Muscles, Enzymes, Hormones Lipids Fats, Oils, Waxes, Steroids Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA Putting C, H, O & N together in different ways builds living organisms.
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Why do we eat ? We eat to take in more of those chemicals.
Food for building materials To make more of us (cells) For growth For repair Food to make energy Calories To make ATP
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What do we need to eat? Foods to give you more building blocks & more energy for building & running your body: Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Nucleic Acids Vitamins Minerals, Salts Water
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Don’t Forget water..!! Water 75% of your body is H2O
Water is inorganic Does NOT contain Carbon Used in Hydrolysis & Dehydration synthesis
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The rest of you… The rest of you is made out of carbon molecules:
Organic molecules Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Nucleic Acids How do we make these molecules? We build them SYNTHESIS = to build !!
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Building large Molecules of life
Chain together smaller molecules Building block molecules Monomers – single unit
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Building large Molecules of life
Big molecules built from little molecules Polymers – many Monomers (subunits) bonded together The Polymer Party
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Building large Molecules
Take Monomers (small molecules) = building blocks … and bond them together to make a Polymer This Process is called: Dehydration Synthesis Monomers can be attached to each other by removing WATER.
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Building important polymers
Carbohydrates Built from sugars Proteins Built from amino acids (A-A) Lipids Built from hydrocarbon chains Nucleic Acids (DNA) Built from nucleotides
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Building important polymers
Carbohydrates Built from sugars Proteins Built from amino acids (A-A) Lipids Built from hydrocarbon chains Nucleic Acids (DNA) Built from nucleotides
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How to build large molecules
Dehydration Synthesis = removing water Building bigger molecules from smaller molecules Building cells & bodies Water is removed in between each monomer
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How to take large molecules apart
Digestion (Hydrolysis): adding Water Taking a BIG molecule apart Getting raw material Making energy (ATP) Hydrolysis – adding water
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Carbohydrates The Engery Molecule
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Carbohydrates The Energy molecule Building block molecule: Sugars
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Carbohydrate Function: Quick energy Energy storage Cell structure
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Carbohydrates Examples: Sugars Starches Cellulose (cell wall)
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Carbohydrates Names for sugars usually end in –ose Glucose Fructose
Sucrose Maltose
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Carbohydrates Building Carbohydrates Dehydrates Synthesis
removing water between Monomers
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Carbohydrates BIG Carbohydrates Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin
Energy storage in plants Example; Potatoes Glycogen Energy storage in animals Example: in liver and muscles Cellulose Structure in plants Example: cell walls Chitin Structure in bugs & fungi Example: Exoskeleton
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Digesting starch vs. Cellulose
Starch – easy to digest Cellulose – hard to digest
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Cellulose Cell walls in plants Herbivores can digest cellulose
Most carnivores cannot digest cellulose That’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients Cellulose = fiber
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Helpful Bacteria How can cows digest cellulose?
Bacteria live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose- rich meals (grass)
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Concentrated energy molecule
Lipids Concentrated energy molecule
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Lipids Examples: Fats Oils Waxes Sex hormones Testosterone Estrogen
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Lipids Function: Energy storage Cell membrane Cushions organs
Very concentrated Twice the energy as carbohydrates!! Cell membrane Cushions organs Insulates body
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Lipids BIG FAT Molecule Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids
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Making Lipids
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Fats Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats most animal fats
Solid at room temperature You should limit amount in diet Causes heart disease Deposits in arteries Unsaturated Fats plant, vegetable & fish fats Liquid at room temperature Better choice in diet
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Multipurpose Molecule
Proteins Multipurpose Molecule
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Proteins Examples: Muscle Fingernails Skin Hair Enzymes Hormones
Pepsin Hormones Insulin
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Proteins Function: Hormones Movement Immune system Enzymes Insulin
Growth hormone Movement Muscle Immune system Protect against germs Enzymes Helps chemical reactions
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Proteins Amino Acids are the building blocks
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Proteins Proteins fold and twist into 3-D shape
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Proteins Destroying Proteins Unfolding proteins = “denature”
Temperature pH (acidy)
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