2. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHILE PART 3: EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS A: The Largest Earthquake in the World Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

3. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN CHILE FLOODS WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS VOLCANOES WILDFIRES GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

4. Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes subduction, which causes EARTHQUAKES

5. Natural Phenomena that can Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s Restlessness causes subduction of tectonic plates, which can cause  TSUNAMIS

6. TECTONIC PLATES

7. SOUTH AMERICA AND CHILE

8. CHILE: THE SOUTH AMERICAN AND NAZCA PLATES

9. THE WORLD’S LARGEST EARTHQUAKE OCCURRED IN CHILE MAY 22, 1960 A SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKE M9.5

10. WORLD’S LARGEST EARTH- QUAKE: CHILE; MAY 22, 1960

11. CHILE’S CITIES (NOTE: VALDIVA)

12. LOCATION: NEAR VALDIVA

13. THE RUPTURE ZONE WAS 1,000 KM (600 MILES) LONG

14. ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER

15. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

16. EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI HAZARDS ARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS

17. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE, GROUND SHAKING, GROUND FAILURE (LIQUEFACTION, LANDSLIDES), AFTERSHOCKS

18. TECTONIC DEFORMATION EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI GROUND SHAKING FAULT RUPTURE FOUNDATION FAILURE SITE AMPLIFICATION LIQUEFACTION LANDSLIDESAFTERSHOCKSSEICHE DAMAGE/LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS

19. UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS INTENSITY REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS STEEL FRAME ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME VVIVIIVIIIIX 3530 25 20 15 10 5 0 MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING

20. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

21. Severe damage from strong ground shaking occurred in the Valdivia-Puerto Montt area of Peru

22. GROUND SHAKING MAP

23. IMPACTS OF WORLD’S LARGEST EARTHQUAKE 1,655 killed, 3,000 injured, 2,000,000 homeless, and $550 million damage in southern Chile;

24. TSUNAMI HAZARDS TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP, WAVE REGRESSION, COASTAL EROSION

25. A TSUNAMI WAVE CAN REACH 10 M OR MORE IN HEIGHT A TSUNAMI WAVE CAN REACH 10 M OR MORE IN HEIGHT

26. Tsunamis Are Associated with Subduction Zone Earthquakes M 7 or larger earthquakes that occur in oceanic subduction zones can cause:  Tsunamis

27. HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES TSUNAMIS INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

28. Severe damage from tsunami wave runup occurred in low- lying coastal areas of Peru as well as on the coasts of countries on the Pacific Rim

29. IMPACTS OF THE TSUNAMI Tsunami caused 61 deaths, $75 million damage in Hawaii; 138 deaths and $50 million damage in Japan; 32 dead and missing in the Philippines; $500,000 damage to the west coast of the United States.

30. A DISASTER CAN HAPPEN WHEN THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR A TSUNAMI INTERACT WITH CHILE’S COMMUNITIES OR WITH THE COMMUNITIES OF ANOTHER PACIFIC RIM COUNTRY

31. A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis,…) intersect at a point in space and time.

32. Disasters are caused by s ingle- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

33. THE REASONS ARE... When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.

34. THE REASONS ARE... The community is UN- PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence— high-probability of adverse consequences event.

35. THE REASONS ARE... The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

36. THE REASONS ARE... The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

37. THE REASONS ARE... The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

38. THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE--TSUNAMI DISASTER IS EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE

39. CHILE’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS WINDSTORM HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION EQ-TS RISK RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK EQ-TS DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION FORECASTS/SCENARIOS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

40. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES- TSUNAMIS PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL THE LIKELY HAZARDS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

41. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES- TSUNAMIS TECHNOLOGIES THAT FACILITATE THREAT IDENTI- FICATION AND/OR EARLY WARNING AND EVACUATION ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

42. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES- TSUNAMIS TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

43. EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS IN CHILE ARE INEVITABLE ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER OF THE IMPORTANCE OF BECOMING EARTHQUAKE— TSUNAMI DIS- ASTER RESILIENT.

44. STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A COMMON GOAL) FOR BECOMINMG EQ— TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENT

47. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

48. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ—TS DISASTER RESILIENCE MEASURMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., GROUND SHAKING; STRAIN) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (E.G., GIS) RISK MODELING (E.G., HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING) MEASURMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., GROUND SHAKING; STRAIN) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (E.G., GIS) RISK MODELING (E.G., HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING) DATABASES DISASTER SCENARIOS ZONATION OF POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS AS A TOOL FOR POLICY DECISIONS DATABASES DISASTER SCENARIOS ZONATION OF POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS AS A TOOL FOR POLICY DECISIONS

49. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ—TS DISASTER REWILIENCE AUTOMATED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMEMT PREFABRICATION AND MODULARIZATION ADVANCED MATERIALS (E.G., COMPOSITES) COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN PERFORMANCE BASED CODES AND STANDARDS ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES (E.G., BASE ISOLATION) REAL-TIME MONITORING AND WARNING SYSTEMS COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN PERFORMANCE BASED CODES AND STANDARDS ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES (E.G., BASE ISOLATION) REAL-TIME MONITORING AND WARNING SYSTEMS

50. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ—TS DISASTER RESILIENCE PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS OF PHYSICAL EFFECTS MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., SEISMIC NETWORKS, TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM) PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS OF PHYSICAL EFFECTS MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., SEISMIC NETWORKS, TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM) DATABASES SEISMIC ENGINEERING MAPS: GROUND SHAKING, GTOUND FAILURE, TSUNAMI WAVE RUNIP DISASTER SCENARIOS WARNING SYSTEMS RISK MODELING (E.G., HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING) DATABASES SEISMIC ENGINEERING MAPS: GROUND SHAKING, GTOUND FAILURE, TSUNAMI WAVE RUNIP DISASTER SCENARIOS WARNING SYSTEMS RISK MODELING (E.G., HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING)

51. TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM FACILITATES GETTING PEOPLE OUT OF HARM’S WAY OF TSUNAMI WAVE RUN UP THROUGH HORIZONAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION