1. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHILE PART 3: EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS B : Other Notable Earthquakes Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

2. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN CHILE FLOODS WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS VOLCANOES WILDFIRES GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

3. Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes subduction, which causes EARTHQUAKES

4. CHILE: THE SOUTH AMERICAN AND NAZCA PLATES

5. CHILE’S CITIES (NOTE: CONEPCION)

6. LOCATION OF M9.5 MAY 22, 1960 EARTHQUAKE

7. TWENTY-FIVE YEARS LATER M7.5 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES CHILE MARCH 3, 1985 THE SECOND LARGEST EARTHQUAKE IN THE WORLD AFTER MEXICO IN 1985

8. LOCATION OF MARCH 3, 1985 EARTHQUAKE

9. IMPACTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI Damage from strong ground shaking occurred throughout central Chile. At least 177 people were killed, and 2,575 injured. A tsunami was also generated, and its waves traversed the Pacific, striking Valparaíso, Hawaii, Alaska, Tahiti, and Japan

10. FIFTY YEARS LATER M8.8 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES CENTRAL CHILE: 3:34 am on February 27, 2010 Subduction Zone Quake 500 Times More Energy than the M7.0 March 12, 2010 Haiti Quake 800+ Deaths; 500+ Injured Tsunami Waves Travel Across Pacific Estimated Loss: $30 Billion

11. LOCATION: 100 KM FROM CONCEPCION; 330 KM FROM SANTIAGO

12. The Chilean people had to cope with the demands associated with: 1) a mega-quake, 2) a vigorous aftershock sequence with large events, 3) local tsunami wave run up, 4) looting in the affluent sector, and 5) recovery after the loss of 15 percent of the GDP.

13. LOCATION: 330 KM (200 MI) FROM SANTIAGO (THE CAPITAL)

14. The quake’s hypocenter was at a depth of 37 km (22 miles)

15. DAMAGE IN HAITI (LEFT) MUCH WORSE THAN IN CHILE (RIGHT)

16. Even though Chile has experienced many past earthquakes, had been implementing a modern building code since the 1960-85 events, and was well prepared to respond to all aspects of the emergency, it was still a disaster.

17. Newly built apartment buildings were severely damaged or collapsed. Flames consumed buildings and a prison. Millions of people fled into streets darkened by the failure of power lines. Roads were damaged and bridges collapsed, causing cars and trucks to crash.

18. An estimated 1 ½ million buildings were damaged, with about 1/3 of them collapsing, along with extensive and wide spread damage to the infrastructure.

19. The damage, an estimated $30 billion, was equivalent to 15 percent of Chile’s gross domestic product.

20. Swiss Re, the world's second- largest reinsurer, said the impact on the financial/insurance sector would be between $4 and $7 billion.

21. CONCEPCION: INT’L SPACE STATION PHOTO:

22. PRESIDENT BACHELET VIEWING DAMAGE IN CONCEPCION

23. DAMAGED BUILDING IN CONCEPCION

24. FIRE AT CONCEPCION: 90 KM FROM EPICENTER

25. CONCEPCION: DAMAGED BUILDING

26. DAMAGED BUILDING DETAIL: CONCEPCION

27. CONCEPCION: URGENT MASS CARE NEEDS

28. CONCEPCION: LOOTERS

29. SEARCH AND RESCUE: CONCEPCION

30. TALCA: DAMAGE TO HOUSES

32. TALCA: DAMAGED HOTEL

33. INTERIOR DAMAGE

34. SANTIAGO: DAMAGED BUILDINGS

35. SANTIAGO: DAMAGE TO CHURCH

36. DAMAGE TO BUREO BRIDGE—HIGHWAY 5

37. TALCA: DAMAGE TO BRIDGE (300 KM S OF SANTIAGO)

38. CONCEPCION: ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSED

39. ELEVATED HIGHWAY COLLAPSE DETAIL

42. MOTOR WAY IN SANTIAGO

43. The aftershocks of the mega- earthquake provided an opportunity for measuring ground and building response for a range of excitation levels and site conditions.

44. Damage from tsunami wave run up was worse locally along the coast of Chile than at distant locations along the Pacific rim.

45. LOCAL TSUNAMI DAMAGE

46. TALCAHUANO PORT: LOCAL TSUNAMI DAMAGE

48. PELLEHUE, CHILE: AFTER TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP

49. DICHATO, CHILE: AFTER TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP

50. TSUNAMI WAVES MOVE ACROSS THE PACIFIC

51. TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER ALERTS HAWAII; OTHER LOCATIONS

52. HAWAII: 15 HOUR ADVANCE WARNING

53. FORTUNATELY, THE TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, HAWAII, AMERICAN SAMOA, GUAM, JAPAN, AND OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THE TSUNAMI WAVES TRAVERSING THE PACIFIC WAS LESS THAN FORECAST.

54. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

55. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

56. HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES TSUNAMIS INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

57. A DISASTER CAN HAPPEN WHEN THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR A TSUNAMI INTERACT WITH CHILE’S COMMUNITIES OR WITH THE COMMUNITIES OF ANOTHER PACIFIC RIM COUNTRY

58. A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis,…) intersect at a point in space and time.

59. THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE--TSUNAMI DISASTER IS EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE

60. CHILE’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS WINDSTORM HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION EQ-TS RISK RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK EQ-TS DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION FORECASTS/SCENARIOS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS