1. History of the Holocaust

2. Germany Unified in 1871 Called the Second Reich Reich = empire, realm Kaiser (King) Wilhelm I Otto von Bismarck, architect of Germany “real politik”—politics based on power and practicalities—not ideology

3. Nationalism caused increased competition between nations for materials, markets and territories Imperialism led to competition over colonies and territories, causing tension in Europe Militarism glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war

4. Triple Alliance Agreed to support one another if war began Germany Austria-Hungary Italy A friendship agreement, not an agreement to help fight a war Great Britain France Russia Triple Entente

5. Germany offers Austria- Hungary a “blank check” of support Austria- Hungary gives Serbia an ultimatum for supporting a terrorist group Russia promises to defend Serbia if Austria- Hungary invades

6. Schleiffen Plan In the event of a two-front war, attack France then Russia Speed of victory was necessary for the plan to work Invade France through Belgium

8. On Nov. 9, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down in Germany Germany is now a republic Two days later, Nov. 11, Germany signs an armistice (agreement to stop fighting)

10. An outline for achieving a just and lasting peace

11. 1 st -4 th points End to secret treaties, begin free trade Reduced navies and armies 5 th point Adjust colonial claims with fairness to colonial peoples = give land back 6 th -13 th points Self- determination: nations should be able to decide for themselves what government they have Creating new nations in Europe

12. Create a “League of Nations” to help keep peace in Europe

14. The Big Four agree on terms, and Germany signs June 1919. Article 231: The “war guilt ” clause places all responsibility for the war on Germany TERMS of TREATY: Germany to pay $33 Billion in reparations (damages) Lost territory in Europe and Africa Not allowed to join League of Nations Limited to small volunteer army and no navy or air force

15. U.S. Congress rejected the Treaty of Versailles Does not join League of Nations Germany was bitter and hated what they saw as unfair treatment Colonies did not get their independence Austria-Hungary and Russia was chopped up into the new nations of: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland