2.  Reminder: First came persistence of vision devices such as the Zoetrope, flip books, etc.

3.  Gertie the Dinosaur (l9l4) & Winsor McCay › Line drawings on paper, photographed by a film camera

4.  Cel animation › Images hand-drawn on sheet of celluloid › Walt Disney & Ub Iwerks—partners since their teens in Kansas City

5.  Cel Animation: Foreground & Background Cels

6.  Stop motion animation › Physical objects photographed one or two frames at a time, then moved in between, to create illusion of motion › As early as 1898 (Albert E. Smith and J. Stuart Blackton’s The Humpty Dumpty Circus, U.S.)

7.  Ray Harryhausen (Jason & the Argonauts (1963), Clash of the Titans (1981), etc.)

8.  Aardman Animation (Peter Lord & David Sproxton + Nick Park; Chicken Run (2000); Wallace & Gromit in the Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005)) › Use clay animation › Established 1976

9.  A typical set:

10.  Versus “not full” animation, in which background cels are not animated, typical for TV animated series

11.  Gives illusion of depth to the image  Only the biggies— Disney, Don Bluth, DreamWorks, Japanese studios)

12.  e.g., Beauty and the Beast (1991)

13.  Rotoscoping/Reference film (live action film as reference) › e.g., Ralph Bakshi, Lord of the Rings (l978); Richard Linklater, Waking Life (2001); A Scanner Darkly (2006) 

14.  Optical printer used to combine live action w/ animation as early as 1920's › e.g., Who Framed Roger Rabbit? (1989)

15.  Not for kids only!  Based on traditional Japanese art forms  Cel animation at its best... › e.g., Akira (1988); Cowboy Bebop (2001)

16.  The “kinder, gentler” anime studio, founded by › Hayao Miyazaki--Princess Mononoke (1999); Spirited Away (2002); Howl’s Moving Castle (2005) › Isao Takahata (Grave of the Fireflies (1988)

17. My Neighbor Totoro (1988)

18. Kiki’s Delivery Service (1989)

19. Grave of the Fireflies (1988)

20.  Computer animation (part of computer generated imagery, or CGI)—Images of things that may never exist in reality › Pixar, DreamWorks › e.g., TRON (1982); Toy Story (1995); Finding Nemo (2003) › Now the norm for animated features

21.  With computer animation, we have a blurring of the line between animation and digital special effects › The majority of feature films released in the U.S. contain at least some CGI (with live action) › Even Studio Ghibli, which still uses hand-draw cel animation, uses computer applications for highlights and sparkles, etc.

22.  Performance capture (using computers to generate CGI characters moving in "real time" as captured from real humans performing while wearing sensors) › e.g., Avatar (2009) › Angelina Jolie is to star in “Beowulf,” the performance capture adaptation to be directed by Robert Zemeckis