1. Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 4 Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

2. Body Growth Gain 50% in height from birth to age 1. 75% by age 2 Grow in spurts Gain “baby fat” until about 9 months, then get slimmer Girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

3. Changes in Body Proportions Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

4. Growth Trends Cephalocaudal “Head to Tail” Lower part of body grows later than the head Proximodistal “Near to far” Extremities grow later than head, chest, and trunk Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

5. Major Milestones of Brain Development Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

6. Regions of the Cerebral Cortex Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

7. Sleep Patterns Sleep moves to an adult-like night-day schedule during the first year. Sleep needs decline from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2. More Americans are co-sleeping.

8. Influences on Early Growth Heredity Nutrition Breast v. Bottle Feeding Malnutrition Emotional Well-Being Problems can cause Failure to Thrive Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

9. The Steps of Classical Conditioning Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

10. Using Habituation to Study Infants Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

11. Motor Skills as Dynamic Systems Increasingly complex systems of action with each skill 4 factors in each new skill: 1. CNS development 2. Body’s movement capacity 3. Child’s goals 4. Environmental supports Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

12. Steps in Reaching and Grasping Prereaching Reaching With two hands, then one Ulnar Grasp Adjust grip to object Move objects from hand to hand Pincer Grasp Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

13. Improvements in Vision Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision skills: 2 months: Focus and color vision 6 months: acuity, scanning & tracking 6 – 7 months: depth perception Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

14. Steps in Depth Perception Birth – 1 month Sensitivity to motion cues 2 – 4 months Sensitivity to binocular cues 5 –12 months Sensitivity to pictorial cues. Wariness of heights Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

15. Steps in Pattern Perception 3 weeks Poor contrast sensitivity. Prefer large simple patterns 2 months Can detect fine-grained detail. Prefer complex patterns. 4 months Can detect patterns even if boundaries are not really present 12 months Can detect objects if two-thirds of drawing is missing Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

16. Contrast Sensitivity at 2 Months Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

17. Scanning Human Face Patterns Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

18. Steps in Face Perception Birth – 1 month Prefer simple, facelike pattern 2 – 4 months Prefer complex facial pattern to other complex patterns Can distinguish strange from familiar faces Prefer mother’s face over stranger 5 – 12 months Can perceive emotional expressions on faces Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

19. Stimuli for Studying Infants’ Facial Perception Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

20. Differentiation Theory of Infant Perception Infants actively search for invariant, unchanging features of the environment. Borders of stimuli, faces They note stable relationships between features Complex visual patterns, intermodal relationships Perception gets more and more sensitive – differentiation Acting on the environment helps this process. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004