1. Chapter 2: The Language of Anatomy

2. Anatomy Unit Objectives
Verbally describe or demonstrate the anatomical position.
Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces and body planes
Locate the major body cavities, and list the chief organs in each cavity.

3. Superficial Anatomy
Involves locating structures on or near the body surface
Understanding anatomical landmarks, anatomical regions, and terms for anatomical directions will help you remember both the location of a structure and its name.
For example; the brachium refers to the the arm and the brachialis muscle and the brachial artery are located in the arm.

4. Why have an anatomical position?
To prevent misunderstandings, anatomists use universally accepted terms to identify body structures precisely and with a minimum of words
* It is important to remember that the terms “left” and “right” refer to those sides of the person being viewed – not those of the observer.

5. Anatomical Position
1. Body erect 2. Feet slightly apart 3. Palms facing forward 4. Thumbs point away from body 5. Similar to “standing at attention” Supine – person laying down in anatomical position face up Prone – face down
Figure 1.7a

6. Table 1.1

7. Table 1.1

8. Check Point Create 4 examples using the directional terms.
Share/Check with a partner.
Be prepared to discuss your examples.

9. Regional Terms: Anterior View
Axial: head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular: arms, legs, and attachments
Figure 1.7a

10. Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b

11. Body Sections Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal or median- sagittal plane that lies on the midline

12. Body Sections
Frontal/Coronal Section – Lengthwise plane that divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior

13. Body Sections
Transverse/Cross Section – Cut along a horizontal plane dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts.

14. Body Planes
Figure 1.8

15. Anatomical Variability
Humans vary slightly in both external & internal anatomy.
Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but:
- Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place
- Small muscles may be missing
Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen . . .

16. But it does happen…

17. Body Cavities Dorsal Body Cavity Ventral Body Cavity
1. Cranial Cavity – Brain
2. Vertebral Cavity – Spinal cord & nerve origins
Ventral Body Cavity
1. Thoracic Cavity – Chest cavity
A. Pleural Cavity – Lungs
B. Pericardial Cavity – Heart
C. Mediastinum
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
A. Abdominal – stomach, spleen, gallbladder,
liver, pancreas, small & large intestines
B. Pelvic – bladder, portions of large intestines, sex
organs

18. Body Cavities

19. Body Cavities
The Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions:
Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain
Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord

20. Body Cavities
Ventral cavity houses the internal organs and is divided into two subdivisions:
Thoracic
Abdominopelvic

21. The Thoracic cavity is subdivided into :
Body Cavities
The Thoracic cavity is subdivided into :
Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

22. Body Cavities
The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
Two subdivisions:
Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

23. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae

24. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10a

25. Other Body Cavities
1. Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs 2. Nasal - located within and posterior to the nose 3. Orbital – house the eyes 4. Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations 5. Synovial – joint cavities

26. Other Body Cavities

27. Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac or inguinal
Right and left lumbar
Right and left hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a

28. Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical – Centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus.
Epigastric- located superior to the umbilical region
Hypogastric- located inferior to the umbilical region

29. Abdominopelvic Regions
Right and left iliac (inguinal)- located lateral to the hypogastric region.
Right and left lumbar-lie lateral to the umbilical region.
Right and left hypochondriac- lie lateral to the epigastric region.

30. Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b

31. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower
Figure 1.12

32. At the clinic This cavity contains the bladder and the rectum.
Which body cavity protects the nervous system?
The frontal section is also called what?
This region is inferior to the lumbar region.
This region is superior to the hypogastric region.

34. CAT SCAN