1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview of Anatomy and Physiology  Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another  Gross or macroscopic – large visible body structures (heart, lungs, kidney etc.)  Different ways to approach gross anatomy:  Regional – study of all the structure in a particular region of the body (leg, abdomen etc.)  Systemic – study a particular system at a time.  Microscopic – deals with structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye  Cytology – relates to the cells  Histology – study of the tissues  Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Position  Body erect  feet slightly apart  palms facing forward  thumbs point away from body Figure 1.7a

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1a

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1b

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes  Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts  Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline  Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts  Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts  Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities  Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions  Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain  Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord  Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions  Thoracic  Abdominopelvic

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Figure 1.9a Cranial cavity (contains brain) Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Key: Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) (a) Lateral view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdomino- pelvic cavities)

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities – thoracic cavity  Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity  Pleural cavities – each houses a lung  Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs  Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Figure 1.9b (b) Anterior view Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Key: Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities – abdominopelvic cavity  The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm  It is composed of two subdivisions  Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs  Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Figure 1.9b Abdomino- pelvic cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (b) Anterior view Key: Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Body Cavities  Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs  Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose  Orbital – house the eyes  Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations  Synovial – joint cavities

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.11b

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Quadrants  Right upper  Left upper  Right lower  Left lower Figure 1.12