1. Mutations

2. A. Introduction to Mutations -A mutation is a change in DNA sequence (order of nucleotides). -Mutations are important because they increase genetic variation.

3. Mutations in Body Cells -Mutations in body cells cannot be passed on to your children, however, they can cause cancer or other problems in your body. A cancer cell.

4. Cancer as a result of mutations in body cells: A person with skin cancer-This is why it’s important to always wear sunscreen!

5. Cancer as a result of mutations in body cells: Tongue cancer and lung cancer are often caused by changes in body cells as a result of smoking, so don’t smoke!!!

6. Mutations in Reproductive (Sex) Cells -Mutations in sex cells (sperm and egg cells) can lead to changes in the DNA sequence which will can be passed down to a person’s children.

7. Mutations in sex cells -X-men and X-women would be a result of mutations in sex cells. These people inherited mutated (changed) DNA from their parents:

8. One last X-woman…

9. Genetic Disorder Some kinds of dwarfism can be inherited because of a mutation of a sex cell.

10. Good vs. Bad Mutations Mutations can be good as well as bad. A good mutation could lead to a change in a protein that allows an animal to run faster or see better. A bad mutation could lead to a change in a protein that causes a genetic disease such as Sickle Cell Anemia or Hemophilia.

11. Panda The panda’s "thumb" is actually an enlarged bone of the wrist. In the panda’s environment, bamboo is the main food source. It is difficult to handle and break the hard stalks, so an enlarged wrist bone helps to grasp the bamboo.

12. In another environment where the food source is not plants, an extra ‘finger’ would have little benefit, perhaps even be cumbersome. The mutated hands of pandas have been beneficial only because of their need for a better grip on bamboo

13. Naked Mole Rat The naked mole rat is a very odd creature that has very little hair and is blind. If it is taken out of its subterranean home it becomes helpless The rat’s mutations are a huge liability in an environment other than the one it has lived in. Since the naked mole rat has become domestic the mole rat shouldn't have anymore mutation or changes to its body unless it's a part that becomes vestigial and no longer is needed. These animals show that their mutations which were beneficial can easily become harmful if it is placed in a different environment.

14. Moths Before the industrial revolution, moths were light colored, so they could hide from birds on the light colored bark. During the most active years of the revolution, the air quality was very poor due to soot and silt build up in the air and on the trees. This changed everything with the moths. The dark moths could not been seen on there trees anymore, whereas the light moths became the main targets or birds and become less common. Due to this, the dark moths became common and the light moths became rare.

15. Since the End of the Industrial revolution white moths have become more common again, because the soot and ash doesn’t cover trees.

16. Mutagens A mutagen is something that causes a mutation. Ex: radiation, chemicals, high temp.

17. Chernobyl

19. B. Gene Mutations There are 2 main types of gene mutations.

20. 1. Point mutation -Point mutation-a change in one base pair in a DNA sequence. -A point mutation can cause an amino acid to change, which will change the structure of the protein being made. Example: AUG=Met AAG=Lys -Only one letter was changed (the A to a U) and the entire amino acid changed (from methionine to lysine).

21. Picture of A Point Mutation Normal Point mutation mRNA Protein Stop mRNA Protein Replace G with A

22. Point mutations in our lives! -Sickle cell anemia is a blood disease caused by a point mutation. -A single nucleotide is changed from “A” to “T” which causes the amino acid to change from glutamic acid to valine: Amino acids: Thr – Pro – Glu – Glu Normal: ACT CCT GAG GAG Sickle cell: ACT CCT GTG GAG Amino acids: Thr – Pro – Val – Glu

23. Point mutations in our lives! -People with sickle cell anemia often experience a lot of pain and swelling and have trouble exercising. Sickle cells do not move smoothly through blood vessels like normal cells do. Sickle cells get stuck and cause blood clots. Sickle cells also can’t carry Oxygen as effectively as normal Cells.

24. -Frameshift mutation-adding or deleting nucleotides to a DNA sequence. -A frameshift mutation is much worse than a point mutation because it causes the entire DNA sequence to be shifted over! Example: DNA: ATTAAACCG ATAAACCG 2. Frameshift mutation Delete this T

25. V. Frameshift mutation mRNA Protein Frameshift mutation Deletion of U

26. Frameshift Mutations Crohn’s Disease is caused by a frameshift mutation. It causes inflammation to the digestive tract.

27. Difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation.

28. Questions: Is this a point mutation or a frameshift mutation? -It’s a point mutation because only one nucleotide changed!

29. Questions: THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR Point or frameshift? Point!

30. Questions THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOB ITT HEC AT Point or frameshift? -frameshift