1. Irrigation Scheduling and Soil Moisture Monitoring Steve A. Miller Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Michigan State University mill1229@msu.edu http://www.egr.msu.edu/bae/water/

2. Irrigation Scheduling Process of maintaining an optimum water balance in the soil profile for crop growth and production Irrigation decisions are based on an accounting method on the water content in the soil

3. Why Use Irrigation Scheduling? Prevent stress – health of plant; yield loss; appearance Maximize water use efficiency – beneficial use of resource Minimize leaching of nitrates or pesticides

4. http://www.miwwat.org/

5. Right to Farm GAAMPs Irrigation Scheduling Irrigation scheduling for each unit or field is an integral part of GAAMPs Irrigation scheduling is the process of determining when it is necessary to irrigate and how much water to apply Information from Record Keeping GAAMPs can be inputs to irrigation scheduling

6. Irrigation Scheduling Components – Plant Growth and Water Use – Soil Water Holding Capacity – Rainfall / Irrigation – RECORDKEEPING

7. Plant Growth and Water Use Fundamentally crops use water to facilitate cell growth, maintain turgor pressure, and for cooling. Crop water use is driven by the evaporative demand of the atmosphere. Optimum crop growth and health occurs when the soil moisture content is held between 50 – 80% of the “plant available water”

8. http://www.egr.msu.edu/bae/water/

9. Irrigation Scheduling -- Primary Factors (Irrigation GAAMPs) Know available soil water for each unit depth of soil Know depth of rooting for each crop Know allowable soil moisture depletion at each stage of plant growth Use evapotranspiration data to estimate crop water use Measure rainfall in each field Know water retention and container capacity (volume) used for nursery crops

10. Available Soil Water Soil absorbs and holds water in much the same way as a sponge. A given texture and volume of soil will hold a given amount of moisture. The intake rate of the soil will influence the rate at which water can be applied. The ability of soil to hold moisture, and amount of moisture it can hold, will greatly affect the irrigation operational schedule

11. Soil Moisture Hygroscopic water is moisture that is held too tightly in the soil to be used by plants. Capillary water is moisture that is held in the pore spaces of the soil and can be used by plants. Gravitational water drains rapidly from the soil and is not readily available to be used by plants.

12. Soil moisture The permanent wilting point represents the boundary between capillary water and hygroscopic water. Because hygroscopic water is not usable by plants, continuous soil moisture levels below the permanent wilting point will result in damage to or death of the plants. Field capacity represents the boundary between gravitational water and capillary water. It is the upper limit for soil moisture that is usable by plants.

14. Figure 5.25 General relationship between soil water characteristics and soil texture. Remember these are representative curves & individual soils will likely have values different from those shown. (Brady and Weil, 2004, p. 157) 1)Note that wilting coefficient increases as texture becomes finer. 2)Field capacity θ v increases as texture becomesfiner until silt loams, then levels off. 3)Greatest plant-available H 2 O capacity (PAWC) occurs with medium- rather than fine-textured soils.

15. Figure 3.2 The textural triangle used to classify soil. (Scott, 2000, p. 39) 70 80 90 Percent Sand 20 30 40 50 60 90 10 Percent Silt Percent Clay Sandy Clay (SC) Clay (SC) Clay Loam (CL) Silty Clay SIC) Clay (SIC) Silty Clay Loam (SICL Loam (SICL) Sandy Clay Sandy Clay Loam (SCL) Loam (SCL) Loam(L) Silt Loam (SIL) Silt(SI) Sandy Loam (SL) Loam (SL) Sand Sand (S) (S) Clay (C) 20 30405060708090 100% 80 70 100% 60 50 40 30 20 10 Loamy Sand (LS) Sand (LS) 100% Importance of surface area/mass is shown by the fact that it takes: >85% sand to be a sand soil >80% silt to be a silt soil, but only ~40% clay to be a clay soil Generally, the best soils for arable crops are those that contain: 10-20% clay 3% organic matter equal % of sand & silt

16. Plant Water Needs The amount of water a plant requires includes the water lost by evaporation into the atmosphere from the soil and the transpiration, which is the amount of water used by the plant. The combination of these is evapotranspiration (ET).

17. Reference Evapotranspiration ETo, or potential evapotanspiration, represents a well watered, fully developed plant such as grass Reference evapotranspiration is multiplied by a crop coefficient to obtain the ET rate for a specific crop The crop coefficient varies throughout the growing season

18. Estimates of ET “Max” and “min” temperatures Relative humidity Wind Net radiation Modified Penman to estimate ETo Enviro-weather www.enviroweather.msu.edu/

19. For Annual Crops Depth of root zone increases during the growing season Allowable soil moisture depletion varies with each stage of plant growth

20. Depth of Rooting CORN2.5 to 4 feet POTATOES1.5 to 2 feet SOYBEANS1.5 to 2 feet DRYBEANS1 to 2 feet TURFGRASS0.5 to 1.5 feet Ref. Vitosh, Irrigation Guide, CES, MSU

22. Rainfall Measurement Measure in each field Should be read each day that a rain event occurs Record the time when the reading is taken – should be consistent Keep Clean Install away from obstructions Basic gauges must not be allowed to freeze http://www.enviro-weather.msu.edu/

23. Rain Gauges Basic unit – 2 inch opening Cost -- less than $10.00 ea 1-800-647-5368 http://www.forestry- suppliers.com/product_pages/vie w_catalog_page.asp?id=5479 http://www.forestry- suppliers.com/product_pages/vie w_catalog_page.asp?id=5479

24. Estimating ET for Different Crops Combining a “Crop Coefficient Curve” with the reference ET. Crop Curve is a relationship between the specific plants’ growth characteristics and its water use relationship to the reference crop.

25. Crop Curve

26. http://enviroweather.msu.edu/

28. Checkbook Register

29. Weeks from Emergence 1234567891011121314151617 Max TempEto0.25 0.380.570.750.941.121.2 1.10.860.620.410.63 50 - 590.070.02 0.030.040.050.070.08 0.060.040.030.04 60 - 690.120.03 0.050.070.090.110.130.14 0.130.100.070.050.08 70 - 790.150.04 0.060.090.110.140.170.18 0.170.130.090.060.09 80 - 890.170.04 0.060.100.130.160.190.20 0.190.150.110.070.11 90 +0.210.05 0.080.120.160.200.240.25 0.230.180.130.090.13 Minnesota Data Michigan Data

30. www.agry.purdue.edu/irrigation/IrrDown.htm

33. Relative diameters of a 0.002 mm clay particle, a 0.02 mm silt particle, and a 0.15 mm fine sand grain enlarged 1000 times. Slide from Lee Jacobs

35. Figure 5.25 General relationship between soil water characteristics and soil texture. Remember these are representative curves & individual soils will likely have values different from those shown. (Brady and Weil, 2004, p. 157) 1)Note that wilting coefficient increases as texture becomes finer. 2)Field capacity θ v increases as texture becomesfiner until silt loams, then levels off. 3)Greatest plant-available H 2 O capacity (PAWC) occurs with medium- rather than fine-textured soils.

36. http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/

37. Resistance Slide from Ron Goldy

39. Tensiometers and Watermarks http://www.specmeters.com/Soil_Moisture/

41. Granular Matrix Sensor – Watermark Block

45. Time domain reflectometry. The speed of an electromagnetic signal passing through a material varies with the dielectric of the material. http://www.campbellsci.com.au/hydrosense T ime D omain R eflectometry

46. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)

47. June 19 2013 to September 30 2013 – Potatoes Sandy Soils

49. Data from Dr. Goldy

50. John Deere Connect 2013 – Sandy Loam - Sum Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR)

51. John Deere Connect 2013 – Fine Sand Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR)

53. Water Patterns by Treatment 1 GPH Emitter 6” 18” 30” Microsprinklers 6” 18” 30” XX XX XX Double RAM X = tree XX Single RAM Slide from N.L. Rothwell, NWMHRS

54. Questions and Discussions