2. A LESSON IN TOLERANCE May we never let it happen again…

3. Background Prewar European population: 9.5 million Most Jews lived in eastern Europe, primarily in the Soviet Union and Poland. The Nazi party came to power in Germany in 1933. The Germans moved to extend their power in central Europe, annexing Austria and destroying Czechoslovakia.

4. Background (2) Germany invaded Poland in 1939, beginning World War II. Over the next two years, German forces conquered most of Europe. The Germans established ghettos in occupied eastern territories, isolating and persecuting the Jewish population.

5. Background (3) Nazi anti-Jewish policy expanded with the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Mobile killing units murdered Jews, Roma (also called Gypsies), Soviet political commissaries and others. The Germans and their collaborators deported Jews to extermination camps in occupied Poland.

6. Background (4) At the largest extermination camp, Auschwitz-Birkenau, transports arrived almost daily from across Europe. By war’s end, almost six million Jews and millions of others had perished in the Holocaust. Postwar European Jewish Population, ca. 1950: 3.5 million

7. Holocaust (hol·o·caust): n - 1. Great destruction resulting in the extensive loss of life, especially by fire 2. Greek word meaning burnt whole or consumed by fire Holocaust (hol·o·caust): n - 1. Great destruction resulting in the extensive loss of life, especially by fire 2. Greek word meaning burnt whole or consumed by fire

8. Holocaust Victims…  6 million Jews  1.5 million children under 12  “Other Undesirables”  5 million 11 MILLION KILLED

9. September 11, 2001 Nearly 3000 People died on September 11th

10. Prejudice Prejudice comes from the word “prejudge” (pre-judge, or judge beforehand). A prejudice is a preconceived opinion or feeling formed without knowledge, thought or reason. Prejudices are often based on stereotypes.

11. Anti-Semitism Hostility toward or discrimination against Jewish people.

12. Fascism A system of government where a dictator has complete control.

13. Genocide Genocide is a word that combines the Greek word “genos” (meaning race, people, or nation) and the ending “cide” (meaning to kill). Genocide refers to the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.

14. Ghetto The confinement of Jews in a set-apart area of the city.

15. Yellow Star Nazis forced Jews to wear a cloth badge with the word Jew written in the center of a yellow six pointed star.

16. Yellow Star

17. Kapo Camp prisoner forced to oversee other prisoners.

18. Concentration camp Camps that were primarily used for slave labor Holding camps or Transit camps

19. Death camp Camps dedicated to the efficient murder of Jews and other victims; E.g. Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmo, Madjanek, Sobibor, Treblinka. The terms was also used for concentration camps where thousands died of starvation and disease.

20. Adolf Hitler “The Fuhrer,” dictator of Germany (Chancellor – 1933, President – 1934), Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. He initiated World War II and oversaw fascist policies that resulted in millions of deaths.

21. Adolf Hitler Video Clip http://www.biography.com/people/adolf-hitler- 9340144/videos/adolf-hitler-mini-biography- 2232485039 http://www.biography.com/people/adolf-hitler- 9340144/videos/adolf-hitler-mini-biography- 2232485039

22. Photo credit: USHMM Photo Archives Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives Adolf Hitler

23. Rise of the Nazi Party courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives  Hitler’s Promises  Better life  Germany great nation  Racial purity Hitler Youth Parade Hitler Youth march through Nuremberg, Germany past Nazi officials.

24. Dr. Mengele “The Angel of Death,” a doctor who performed brutal, unnecessary experiments and operations upon prisoners.

25. Aryan Race The pure Germanic race, used by the Nazis to suggest a superior, non- Jewish Caucasian typified by height, blonde hair, blue eyes.

26. SS “ Schutz-Staffel” established in 1929 as Hitler’s black shirted bodyguards. They became the elite guards of the Nazis trained in brutality and put in charge of concentration camps.

27. Gestapo The secret police organized in 1933 to uncover and undermine political opposition. German acronym for the German Secret State Police Part of the SS Notorious for terrorism against enemies of the state.

28. Dachau A concentration camp used as a model for the death camps.

29. Auschwitz The largest death camp, located in Poland.

30. The Final Solution The plan devised in 1941 to speed up the system of killing the Jews and “undesirables.” Shooting and burying the dead was becoming too “costly and inefficient.” A more efficient system was created consisting of gas chambers and crematories to kill the Jews. Six death camps were built and were kept running round the clock, killing thousands per day.

31. Selection Term used when the SS forced prisoners to line up for inspection and decided which prisoners would live and which would be killed.

32. In the Beginning… The Nuremberg Laws: Laws created to keep Jews from marrying or have relations with non-Jews. These laws also stripped Jews of their German citizenship.

33. Photo credits: Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives Kristallnacht “Night Of Broken Glass”

34. “You have no right to live among us as Jews.”

35. “You have no right to live among us.”

36. “You have no right to live !” Photo credit: Leopold Page Photographic Collection

37. People being “resettled” to Concentration Camps

39. Entrance to Auschwitz “Work will set you free”

40. Prisoners arriving at the camps…

41. Crowded Conditions

45. Even the very young…

47. Photo credit: German National Archives

48. eyeglasses

49. Shoes

51. Night

52. Nonfiction: types An autobiography is a sketch of the author’s entire life, often from birth up until the time of the writing. A memoir focuses on one aspect of the writer’s life. Memoirs usually cover a relatively short span of time, and their main purpose is to draw the reader’s attention to a specific theme or circumstance.

53. Nonfiction: other types A biography is the story of a life from another person’s perspective. An essay is a short nonfiction work that addresses a specific subject. A speech is a talk or an address presented to an audience.

54. Night by Elie Wiesel Autobiographical, memoir Focus on observation - describes an event that the writer witnessed firsthand. Elie Wiesel - Bearing Witness - invites us to listen, and to remember. “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”

55. Strategies for Reading Nonfiction Find the writer’s main points and support. Ask yourself what the author wants you to learn or think about.  *Be an active learner—investigate and inquire

56. Elie Wiesel Video Clip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgAZQXcGx VE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgAZQXcGx VE

57. During the time of the Jewish annihilation, there were many families that were being shattered and torn apart. One of these families were the Wiesels’. The family consisted of Elie, his father Schlomo, his mother Sarah, and his three sisters, Hilda, Tzipora, Bea. Schlomo, Elie’s father. Elie’s mother, Sarah, and sister, Hilda. Elie at age 15.

58. In the year 1955, Elie decided to move to New York. Elie wrote many books speaking out against oppression, especially the “Holocaust.” Some of the books he wrote became very famous such as “Night”, “Souls On Fire”, “After the Darkness”, and “The Jews of Silence”. In 1986, Elie was awarded one of the highest honors in the world, The Nobel Peace Prize.

59. Quotes to Remember “I write to understand as much as to be understood.” “No human race is superior; no religious faith is inferior. All collective judgments are wrong. Only racists make them.” “The opposite of love is not hate, it's indifference.”

61. “ In Germany they first came for the Communists, and I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn’t speak up because I was a Protestant. Then they came for me – and by that time no one was left to speak up.” -Reverend Martin Niemoeller, Protestant minister, Germany, and concentration camp survivor

62. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, heal'd by the same means, warm'd and cool'd by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? - Shylock Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice Act III Scene I