1. Maryam Arain 17 April 2015 History of Culture

2.  ‘free market’  Adam Smith (1723-1790): self-interest + competition = economic prosperity  Economic structure that permits people to use their private property however they see fit, with minimal interference from the government  Industrialization  commercialization of agriculture, development of factory system of manufacturing, global domination of the capitalism mode of production

3.  Capital accumulation: production for profit and accumulation as the implicit purpose of all  Commodity production: production for exchange on a market  Private ownership of the means of production: ownership of the means of production by a class of capital owners  Universality of wage labor  Investment of money in order to make a profit

4.  Capitalism as a historical stage that would eventually stagnate and be followed by socialism  Private ownership of means of production enriches capitalism at the expense of workers  Creates a dependence of non-owning class on the ruling class  Exploits the poor to serve the interests of the rich

5.  Thomas Piketty  Details historical changes in the concentration of income and wealth  Income inequality is an integral feature of capitalism that can only be reversed through state intervention  Capitalism worked between 1930 and 1975 because of unique circumstances (World Wars, Great Depression) and government redistribution schemes  Suggests a global tax on wealth to prevent soaring inequality contributing to economic and political instability down the road

6.  The process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.  Time period: Term used since mid-1980s, especially since mid-1990  Silk Road  Colonialism  Industrialization  Internet  What allowed for it?  Transportation, telecommunications  Migration and movement of people and capital  Economic interdependence- free trade, foreign investment

7. Political  United Nations  International Criminal Court Cultural  Film, TV, news media  Internet Economic  Multinational companies/banks  International Monetary Fund, World Bank, World Trade Organization Do you think globalization is good or bad?

8. -information and money flow more quickly -cultural intermingling -goods are more available everywhere -international travel is easy; communication even easier -spread of ideals like freedom, democracy, equality and human rights -communication increased amongst people allows for greater understanding, more tolerance -greater innovation -decrease cultural diversity -hurt local markets and cultures -rich get richer, poor get poorer -multinationals are unjust -damage to Earth through mismanagement of natural resources and cause ecological damage -exploitation of labor

10.  Cultural homogenization: the danger that local cultures become eroded by globalization and will be replaced with a single, standard culture Marshall McLuhan’s Global Village: ‘heightened human awareness of global responsibility’  international humanitarianism & neo- imperialism

11.  Tourism, slum tourism, ‘native’ dances, ‘ethnic’ jewelry, ‘Indian’ furniture, ‘tribal’ tattoos  Cultural appropriation typically involves members of a dominant group exploiting the culture of less privileged group  Rap music, Native American headdresses, bindis, turbans  Exploitative; robs less dominant cultures from credit they deserve for art forms, music forms, etc; meanwhile, these cultures are looked down upon for being ‘backward’

12.  Cultural imperialism is firmly rooted in a political-economy, material issues such as capital, infrastructure, and political control as key determinants of international communication processes and effects  Agents of cultural imperialism become multinational companies AND economically- powerful countries

13. -Ideology: democracy, capitalism, consumerism -Food: KFC, McD, Burger King, Starbucks -Technology: Microsoft, Apple, Intel, Dell, IBM  85% of global film market  68% of television market Through media texts, American values and ideologies are imposed upon the rest of the world Economic power bolsters the spread of the media:  GE (Comcast, NBC, Universal Pictures, Focus Features)  News-Corp (Fox, Wallstreet Journal, New York Post)  Disney (ABC, ESPN, Pixar, Miramax, Marvel Studios)  Viacom (MTV, Nick Jr, BET, CMT, Paramount Pictures)  Time Warner (CNN, HBO, TIME, Warner Bros)  CBS (Showtime, NFL.COM, Jeopardy, 60 minutes)

14.  Social movement critical of the globalization of corporate capitalism  Oppose unregulated political power of multi- national corporations  work safety conditions and standards, compensation standards, environmental conservation principles, integrity of national legislative authorities, independence and sovereignty of nations  In favor of democratic representation, advancement of human rights, fair trade and sustainable development

15. Socialism: social ownership of means of production and cooperative management of economy Marxism: classless, stateless, humane society erected on common ownership “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” Anarchism: advocates stateless societies defined as self- governed voluntary institutions; non-hierarchical free associations; no private property  Localization and redistribution of wealth  Anti-authoritarianism, ecological, feminist Global South: consider pre-colonial economic formations; communalism (Lunda Empire of South Central Africa, Inca Empire, Bororo of Amazon, Kabyles of North Africa)

16.  What role do economics play in creating culture?  Are power hierarchies an essential element of society?  What is the relationship between capitalism, globalization and culture?  Do you think any alternatives to capitalist globalization are feasible?