1. Reformation & Counter Reformation

2. The Catholic Church in 1500
The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in Europe
Mass performed in Latin
in charge of education and held the monopoly on information
held a great deal of property
Corruption in the Church

3. Germany in 1500 Not one nation,
a patchwork of independent states of the Holy Roman Empire
Ruled by figurehead Emperor
Charles V

4. Martin Luther

5. Luther’s Problems with the Catholic Church
Luther had two major problems with the Catholic church:
Indulgences
Justification
Other problems
communion,
services in Latin,
celibacy among the clergy
Role of Scripture
Indulgences:
Indulgences are ways to get out of punishment in Purgatory. In the Catholic Church, even after going to the priest for absolution at confession, people enter Purgatory after they die. Purgatory is neither Heaven nor Hell, but a place of temporary punishment where souls go before entering Heaven. Indulgences were suppose to shorten that time in Purgatory by prayers or good works. However, by 1500, indulgences were abused and turned into cash donations to the Church. Rich people gave lots of money for forgiveness of past and future sins. Basically, indulgences became a fundraising activity for the Catholic Church. John Tetzel, a notorious priest who offered
Indulgences had a slogan: “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from Purgatory springs.”
Justification:
The Catholic Church believes that in order to be saved, i.e., go to Heaven, a person had to do good works, go through the seven sacraments, etc. However, Luther came to the conclusion that because God is perfect, nothing we do can ever be good enough for God. So, instead, he came to the conclusion that it was not by good works that we earn God’s favor, but by believing and trusting in God.
Communion: Transubstantiation vs. Consubstantiation
The Catholic Church believes that during communion, which recreates the Last Supper, the bread and wine become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, made possible by the priest.
Protestants believe in consubstantiation, that Jesus is present during communion, but the bread and wine are only symbolic of the Last Supper.

6. Luther’s Showdown with the Catholic Church
Luther’s writings in 1520 gain the attention of the religious and political authorities
On June 15, 1520 Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull
Luther declared a heretic
The Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation called upon the German nobility to make reforms in the Catholic Church and to end the Church’s influence in Germany. The Babylonian Captivity attacked the seven sacraments and argued that only baptism and holy communion were biblical. The Babylonian Captivity argued that Scripture has the final authority over the Pope. Freedom of a Christian argued for justification by faith alone.

7. Luther’s Showdown with the Catholic Church
On January 1521, the Pope excommunicated Luther
April 1521, Diet of Worms
Luther declared an outlaw on May 26, 1521

8. The Protestant Reformation Spreads
Luther’s ideas inspire Peasants’ Revolt in Germany in 1525

9. John Calvin

10. The Protestant Reformation Spreads
Reformers begin to rise in other countries
John Calvin
French Reformer
Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion
Protestants begin public education, on the idea that in order to gain salvation, everybody must learn to read the word of God.

11. The Protestant Reformation Spreads
Political consequences of the Reformation:
European rulers convert to Protestantism
Peace of Augsburg in 1555
It is important to note that the Lutherans were recognized but not other Protestant denomination like the Calvinists.

12. The Protestant Reformation

14. Effects of the Reformation
Religion no longer unites Europe.
Church power declines; while the power of kings increased
More people questioned the teachings of the Church
Protestantism further divides as people come up with many different interpretations of the Scriptures

15. The Counter Reformation
The main Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation was the Council of Trent
Key Person: Pope Paul III
1550s to 1650s
A second response was the formation of the Society of Jesus

16. The Counter Reformation
This movement to reform the Catholic church from within is known as the Catholic Reformation or the Counter Reformation.
The key purpose of this response was to
Limit the spread of Protestantism
Reunify the Western Church by convincing people to return to the Catholic Church
Spread the Catholic Faith to other areas

17. The Council of Trent
The Council of Trent between 1545 and 1563 to make reforms
The Council convened to discuss and consider
Luther's Theses
The threat of Protestantism
Corruption and immoral behavior by clergy

18. The Council of Trent
The Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholic doctrines
It wrote a defense against the charges made by critics of the Catholic Church
It restated the Catholic Faith against Protestant claims
It restated rules of behavior for Catholic clergy

19. The Council of Trent The Council of Trent
made Catholic beliefs clears,
set up strict rules for behavior of bishops and priests
Required seminary education (school for training and educating priests)

20. Pope St Paul III

21. Pope St Paul III Pope Paul III
had Cardinals investigate corruption within the Church.
gave approval to the Jesuits, focusing on education.
used the Inquisition to identify and punish heretics
convened the Council of Trent

22. Ignatius of Loyola

23. The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
The Society of Jesus was begun by Ignatius of Loyola
Born to wealthy parents in Loyola, Spain
Severely wounded during war with France (1521)
During his recuperation he gave serious examination to his spiritual life by reading lives of the saints

24. The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Dedicated his life as a soldier of Jesus Christ
Wrote a book called Spiritual Exercises.
This daily meditation guide attracted many followers over the next 18 years
With those who gathered, Ignatius formed a new religious order, the Society of Jesus
commonly known as the Jesuits
Given official status by Pope Paul III

25. The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
The main activity of the Jesuits
Educate Catholics in Europe
Later spread to America and all over the world
Known for rigorous Catholic education
Defend the Catholic Faith against heresy
Stop the spread of Protestantism
Tried heretics in the Inquisition
Spread the Faith with Missionary work
Sent missionaries all over the world

26. Known Mostly for their Schools (High School and University)
Jesuits in America
Known Mostly for their Schools (High School and University)
UD Jesuit
Loyola High School
UD Mercy
Marquette University
St Louis University
Georgetown University
Xavier University
Gonzaga University
Boston College
Loyola Marymount Univ. in Los Angeles
Loyola University in Chicago
University of San Francisco
Fordham University

27. Jesuits in America Early Missionary work Elsewhere
Arrived with the Spanish conquerors
Worked to convert native Americans, establishing missions and schools
Elsewhere
Japan
Philippines
Vietnam

29. Other Reform Movements
Calvinism
John Calvin was another reformer.
His key beliefs are the main teachings of the Reformed tradition.
Calvinism, or Reformed theology, has had an impact in Holland, Scotland, France, Northern Ireland, and has spread to the U.S, Canada, South Africa, and Indonesia.
Anabaptists
Anabaptists were reformers who did not identify with Luther or Calvin.
Anabaptists include the Mennonites.
The Mennonite faith was founded by a priest named Menno Simons.
He rejected Catholicism in favour of adult baptism only.
He also rejected the militancy of some Anabaptists and promoted pacifism.
Mennonites have faced persecution for their separate ways.
They are very devoted to the Bible and to social justice.
Approximately Mennonites live in Canada.

30. Anglicanism
During the early years of the Protestant Reformation in Europe, the ideas of the Reformers did not take a firm hold in England.
But in 1530, King Henry VIII wanted his marriage to Catherine of Aragon declared invalid so he could marry Anne Boleyn.
The pope denied his request, so Henry declared himself the head of the Church of England, breaking away from the authority of the Catholic Church.
The religious climate under Henry VIII and his successors, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I, was volatile .
Catholics were often persecuted and there were many English martyrs.
Christians on both sides suffered or were killed in the conflict.

31. Anglicanism (cont’d)
Henry VIII was not ideologically Protestant, but many of his advisors were more radical.
Under Henry’s successor, Edward VI:
Protestantism became more firmly established.
Latin Catholic Mass was replaced with an English service structured by the Book of Common Prayer.
Church images were dismantled, vestments were forbidden, and stone altars were replaced with wooden communion tables.
Edward was king for only a short time before he died.
His Catholic half-sister Mary assumed the throne, dismantled Edward’s reforms, and re- established England as a Catholic nation.
She died five years later, and Elizabeth became Queen of England and ruled for 45 years. Under her rule:
Protestant control of the Church of England became permanent.
Edward’s reforms were re-established, including the Book of Common Prayer.
Many ancient traditions of the Church were kept.
Anglicanism sees itself as a middle way between Catholicism and Reformed Protestantism.

32. The Catholic Reformation
In response to Protestant Reformation, Catholicism began to renew itself.
Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent between 1545 and 1563.
The Council of Trent clarified Catholic teaching on important issues and addressed how to prevent abuses of church offices.
The Council
affirmed the importance of the teaching tradition in the Church as a necessary interpretation of the scriptures.
affirmed the importance of the seven sacraments.
responded to Luther’s insistence that people need faith for salvation, but rejected his idea that faith “alone” without good works was all that was needed.
insisted that priests needed improved education so they would be better equipped to instruct and serve the people.
The Council of Trent and the reform of the Catholic Church did not succeed in restoring unity in Christianity.
The main effort was to convince the Protestants of their error and bring them to conversion.
Sometimes this worked, but in many countries Catholics and Protestants fought each other.

33. From Intolerance and War to Tolerance
Catholic–Protestant conflicts in England during the 16th century were sometimes bloody.
During the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648), nearly one-third of the population of the German states died.
Religious Tolerance Begins
The idea of religious tolerance started to become popular with the Enlightenment.
The tolerance was twofold:
tolerance between religions, and
tolerance by governments for the different religions practiced in their countries.
The Enlightenment also led to opposition toward religion in general.
Catholic and Protestant conflict settled down as nations began to develop laws of religious tolerance.
Not until the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) did official dialogue and openness between Catholics and Protestants become a reality.

34. Recent Movements Evangelicalism
Churches of the Protestant Reformation eventually lost enthusiasm.
They had to deal with day-to-day issues and they needed to address changing times.
Evangelicalism
By the 18th century, Protestants felt a need for reform.
In England, John and Charles Wesley tried to revive the evangelical fervour of early Protestant Reformation spirituality.
The Methodist Church was established to break away from the Anglican Church.
Similar movements occurred in Lutheran and Reformed traditions.
In the U.S., this movement (the Great Awakening) gave rise to Evangelicalism.
Evangelicalism involves a call to personal conversion as a conscious experience—“being born again.”
Some characteristics of Evangelicalism are:
Renewed emphasis on the authority of the Bible
Emphasis on righteous behaviour
Baptism for adults only
De-emphasis on official church membership and formal creeds
The spread of the Gospel through missionary activity

35. Fundamentalism Liberalism Pentecostalism
Protestant Fundamentalist churches teach that the Bible is without error, Christ is God, and Jesus died for our sake on the cross.
They reject Darwin’s theory of evolution in favour of the biblical story of creation.
Liberalism
In Christianity, Liberalism means finding some common ground with modernity and its search for reason, with science, technology, and modern political structures.
Some churches disagree with the union of Christianity and the modern world.
One of the largest movements against liberal Christianity is Pentecostalism.
Pentecostalism
The Pentecostal movement accepts the Bible as the Word of God without error.
Pentecostals believe the Holy Spirit guides them in how they should live.
This movement
preaches God’s judgment of the world and that the message of Christ and the modern world will not last.
waits for the Second Coming of Christ at the end of history.
believes people can seek to be baptized in the Holy Spirit.
believes in signs of the Holy Spirit’s presence, such as speaking in tongues and slaying in the Spirit.

36. Christianity Today The Ecumenical Movement
Christian churches have many things in common, but many contradictions.
Contradictions can lead to ambiguity and confusion.
In its efforts to bring about unity, Christians recognize the need to do away with contradictions and conflict while maintaining the richness of their diversity.
The Ecumenical Movement
Ecumenism is the movement toward unity among churches.
20th century: churches of the Protestant Reformation realized that divisions within Christianity were hurting the mission of the church.
1910: the World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh, Scotland, started the modern ecumenical movement.
1948: the World Council of Churches was formed.
Almost all Christian churches agreed that divisions went against Jesus' desire for unity among his followers.

37. The Goal of Ecumenism Communion
At first, the Catholic Church refused to participate in the World Council of Churches (WCC).
1965: during the Second Vatican Council, the Church passed a Decree on Ecumenism and committed the Catholic Church to dialogue with other Christians.
Now, the Catholic Church participates in all the WCC’s commissions, even though it is not a full member of the WCC.
Communion
Ecumenism’s goal is to unite all Christians through dialogue.
Two things bind all Christian churches together:
Confession of Jesus Christ
Baptism
The biggest differences are in how the churches confess Jesus Christ, how they view Eucharist, baptism, and leadership in the Church.

38. Dialogue
Dialogue means living, studying, and working together in solidarity, and overcoming the divisions that separate churches.
A universal church of Christ will not be identical to any existing church.
The Catholic Church believes:
In the Catholic Church, the fullness of the Church of Christ continues to exist.
This is a wounded fullness as long as there is division among Christian churches.
Important elements are present in other churches.
Other churches do not have the Catholic Church’s fullness of the Church of Christ.
For Catholics, full communion must have:
A consensus on the core doctrines as found in the scriptures and the Creed
Acknowledgement of the importance of the sacraments, especially Eucharist
The ministry of priests, bishops, and pope
Not all churches see what it means to be church the same way Catholics do, nor do they want to be church in the same way.
Ecumenical dialogue’s goal is to clarify what it means to be the church of Jesus Christ.

39. Dialogue of the Churches East and West
During Vatican II, after 1000 years of separation, the Catholic Church of the West and the Orthodox Church of the East began to see themselves as “sister churches.”
There are differences between the churches:
different liturgies and Church orders
different theological opinions on the role of the pope as being first among equals
However, these churches have accepted each other’s Eucharist.
Their differences are both obstacles and a source of enrichment.
Through those differences, the Western Church has gained a new awareness that unity can exist with a lot of diversity.

40. Dialogue among the Churches of the West
Dialogue can be between the Catholics and churches of the Protestant Reformation, or among churches of the Protestant Reformation.
Dialogue has begun to build unity:
In Canada in 1925, the Methodists, Congregationalists, and 70% of the Presbyterians joined to become the United Church of Canada.
Catholics and Anglicans have reached a high level of agreement on most questions centered on the Church, such as:
the role of the Church and bishops in our salvation
the role of the pope and bishops
the meaning of Church and its mission
Major issues that separate Catholics and Anglicans are:
the ordination of women and homosexuals (some Anglican dioceses began ordaining women in the 1970s)
ethical issues such as divorce, remarriage, artificial birth control, abortion, and in vitro fertilization
Dialogue has not yet led to a shared Eucharist.
But, people are coming together to talk about their faith, pray together and address issues of social justice.

41. Ecumenism: A Difficult Task
Christianity is the fulfillment of God’s desire to gather together all of humanity to do God’s work.
Therefore, the divisions in Christianity must be healed.
This reconciling and healing is very difficult because:
It is difficult for people to let go of their lifelong beliefs.
Each person’s convictions inform that person’s identity.
It is hard to listen to other people’s convictions when people feel their own convictions are the truth.

42. A Renewed Ecumenism
Sustaining the ecumenical movement has become more difficult because:
Most Christians do not understand why the churches separated to begin with.
Many feel these battles are not theirs or the issues no longer matter.
Christians today focus on issues such as war and peace, poverty, economic justice, and the environment.
Young people can be impatient with the slow pace of arriving at agreements.
How can Christians contribute to ecumenism?
Study the scriptures, which are the foundation of Christian life and the Christian churches.
Pray always, especially the Lord’s Prayer; take part in the week of Prayer for Christian Unity.
Bring people together. Always be hospitable, never exclude anyone, always be in solidarity with the poor and the oppressed, and be a friend to all.
Take part in local ecumenical activities involving Catholics and other Christian groups, such as meetings, retreats, or volunteering.
Visit churches and talk to people who belong to them to find out what they believe and how they live.

43. The English Reformation
Political causes
King Henry VIII
King Edward VI
Queen Mary I
Queen Elizabeth I
The case of the English Reformation is unique. For Henry VIII, it was important for him to have a son to succeed him as king. It was not just a bias against women. Having a king to rule England meant political stability. One hundred years before, England had a civil war called the Wars of the Roses, in which two competing families struggled for the throne. His father Henry VII was part of the winning faction who established the Tudor dynasty. Henry VIII was afraid that if a woman succeeded him, England might fall into civil war again or fall into foreign influence.
Henry VIII had an older brother, Arthur, who was supposed to be king. Henry VIII arranged Arthur to marry Catherine of Aragon to form an alliance with Spain. However, Arthur died, leaving Henry to succeed him. In 1509, Henry married Catherine. Because the Bible prohibited sleeping with a brother’s wife, Henry had to get a dispensation from the Pope. The marriage with Catherine did not produce a son. Mary was their only surviving child, the rest having died from miscarriages. By 1527, Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn, Catherine’s lady-in-waiting and wanted to put Catherine away. He could not get a divorce because the Catholic Church forbade divorce. An annulment is different from a divorce because an annulment means that the marriage had no reason to exist, e.g., two first cousins getting married.

44. The Religious Wars France (1562-1589) Catholics vs. Huguenots
St. Bartholomew’s Massacre
Henry of Navarre
Edict of Nantes
Henry II died unexpectedly in a jousting accident. His son, Francis II under the control of his mother, Catherine de Medici. Three families compete for the French throne

45. The Religious Wars The Netherlands (1560-1648)
A prosperous province of Spain
Dutch Protestants vs. Spanish Catholics
War of independence against Spain
Dutch independence secured after 1648

46. The Religious Wars England vs. Spain Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
Elizabeth I declared a heretic
Spanish Armada
Queen Mary of Scotland takes refuge in England after being overthrown, herself, from Scotland because of a bad choice in marriage. Elizabeth I allowed her to stay in England, but in close watch. Mary engaged in plots against Elizabeth. Elizabeth’s advisors beg her to eliminate Mary, who was a threat to her survival. For twenty years, Elizabeth chose not to execute her because she believed in the Divine Right of Kings, and if one queen can be executed, so can another. In 1587, after the latest plot, Elizabeth agreed to have her executed.
In 1587, Philip II’s plans for an invasion of England was intercepted. English ships under Francis Drake destroyed the Spanish fleet in Cadiz, postponing the invasion. In 1588, the Spanish Armada of 130 ships and 25,000 troops was sent to England. The English won a stunning victory. The Spanish Armada was dispersed by a storm as it sailed around Scotland. Spain never fully recovered from the defeat of the Spanish Armada and began its decline as a world power. The English victory over the Armada was the beginning of England’s rise as a major world power.

47. The Thirty Years’ War
Began as old conflict between Catholic states and Protestant states in Europe
The most devastating war in Europe
Almost every state in Western Europe involved in the Thirty Years’ War

48. The Thirty Years’ War Four Phases in the Thirty Years’ War:
Bohemian ( )
Danish ( )
Swedish ( )
Swedish-French ( )
Ended with Treaty of Westphalia

49. The Thirty Years’ War

50. Conclusion
The Protestant Reformation began as a theological dispute between Martin Luther and the Catholic Church
Theological dispute becomes religious conflict, as Catholics and Protestant are persecuted for their beliefs
Religious conflict becomes a political conflict between states seeking to advance their positions