1. WİND EROSION MEASUREMENT: Karapınar case study, Ali Uğur Özcan 1, Oğuzhan Uzun 2, Selen Saygın Deviren 3, Feras Youssef 3, Mustafa Başaran 2, Günay Erpul 3 1. Çankırı Karatekin University, Faculty of Forest, Department of Landscape Architecture, Çankırı, Turkey 2. Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Kayseri, Turkey 3. Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Ankara, Turkey

2. Wind Erosion Wind erosion is one of the most important reasons of desertification in semi-arid regions It is estimated that, nearly 500 million hectare areas have been degraded by wind erosion (UNEP and ISRIC, 1990; REICH et al., 2000 ). The area influenced by wind erosion is 465.000 hectar in Turkiye (ACAR, 2010)

3. Wind erosion Soil dust: atmospheric composition and climate change, transport of herbicides on sediments, soil texture, nutrient content, vegetation growth and productivity animal and human health

4. The Main Reason? CHANGES IN LAND USES

5. WetlandsForests Agricultural areasGrasslands

6. How is wind erosion measured? –Management decisions should be taken depending on wind erosion magnitude and related paramaters for sensitive erosive areas Principally, erosion strength and the areas that affected by erosion should be determined by direct measurements in the field!!!!!

7. Direct measurement The effective traps were improved for catching sediments: –Active traps –Passive traps Wilson and Cook (WAC) Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE) Basaran and Erpul Sediment Trap (BEST) –Piezo electric sensors Saltiphone Sensit

8. Direct measurement Passive Traps Basaran and Erpul Sediment Trap (BEST) It is a new design trap For <100 µm particles, its efficiency is 0.80 Its efficiency is 0.90 in field surveys It has a plastic body It is cheap and easy to set up

9. Study Area Climate properties; Terrestrial Average temperature is 10.1 o C Average precipitation is 279.56 mm Main wind direction is North (South and Southwest aspects are mostly cause erosion events in area) Wind speeds can be higher than 25 ms -1 in area. Soil properties; Top soil texture is loamy sand and clay contents gets increased in sub layers It has high calcium carbonate and potassium, it has low organic matter and phosphorus Location: Karapınar, Konya-TURKIYE

10. In the research field, 7 plots which have different surface conditions were chosen Plots

15. Direct measurements Karapınar In this research, high efficiency BEST Traps were used

16. Direct measurements Karapınar Best Traps were located on the winged pole with 5 different heights ( 20,40,60,80,100cm)

17. Direct measurements Karapınar 20 wind erosion measurement set-up were located like a grid shape or random

18. Direct measurements Karapınar Climate datas were recorded by meteorology station which located next to plot area

19. Data analysis Karapınar Wind erosion event occurred four times between March and April in field survey After each event, sediment that was cought by BEST traps was collected and weighed with sensitive balance.

20. Data analysis Karapınar Sediment flux (kg m -2 h -1 ) was modeled with exponential model for each event in each two plots (Eq1 and Eq2). İn two plots, for total 8 wind erosion events, 160 mathematical models were done: Eq. (1) Eq. (2) With saltiphone, each event duration was measured and ratio of sediment flux was calculated from each point of 1 m height On the plot basis, for each wind erosion event, sediment flux ratio was assessed with geostatistical methods.

21. Data analysis A. Plot 1.Event : Averg Wind Velocity: 6.7 m/sn Wind Direction: Northeast- Southwest Event times: 3 hours SAO: 0.102 kg m -1 h -1 2. Event : Averg Wind Velocity: 7 m/sn Wind Direction: East-West Event times: 8 hours SAO:0.024 kg m -1 h -1 3. Event : Averg Wind Velocity: 6.9 m/sn Wind Direction: Southwest- Northeast Event times: 7 hours SAO: 0.077 kg m -1 h -1 4. Event : Averg Wind Velocity: 6.3 m/sn Wind Direction: kuzey-güney Event times: 1 hour SAO:0.178 kg m -1 h -1

22. Data analysis B. Plot 1. Event : Averg. wind velocity: 6.7 m/sn Wind direction: Northeast- Southwest Event times: 3 hours SFR: 0.146 kg m -1 h -1 2. Event : Averg. wind velocity: 7 m/sn Wind direction: East-West Event times: 8 hours SFR:0.014 kg m -1 h -1 3. Event : Averg. wind velocity: 6.9 m/sn Wind direction: Southwest- Northeast Event times: 7 hours SFR: 0.077 kg m -1 h -1

23. Assessment Karapınar Wind erosion affected areas should be determined in Turkey. Event based losses should be measured by direct measurements and scaling should be done for risk areas. Climate, vegetation and soil properties relevant to wind erosion in wind erosion affected areas. External factors that raised risk (tillage, grazing, irrigation, forest management, etc.) should be defined in specific areas. Wind erosion should be monitored in Turkey and estimated models should be improved for the territorial or regional scale.

24. THANKS FOR ATTENTION

25. Acknowledgement Authors gratefully acknowledge the “The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey” (TUBITAK) for providing support within the frame of the project of TOVAG 110O296.