1. “Which of the following food safety issues are you most concerned about?” most concerned about?” Pesticide residues48.7 % Food additives19.8 % Food poisoning18.5 % Antibiotics 3.8 % Hormones 3.6 % No answer 5.6 % 1990 survey of KY residents What Concerns Consumers?

2. * 1999 survey of KY residents Spray pesticides when necessary30.5 % Use genetically modified crops42.2 % to reduce pesticide use Use of post-harvest irradiation11.9 % Organic methods (volunteered)*10.5 % No response 4.9 % Which method of pest control would you most prefer that food producers use?” What Do ConsumersPrefer?

3. Know Before You Grow! US ApprovalJapanEU Agrisure CBYes Agrisure Viptera 3110Yes No Agrisure Viptera 3111Yes No Herculex 1Yes YieldGard CBYes YieldGard RWYes YieldGard PlusYes Herculex RWYes Herculex XtraYes YieldGard VT RWYes YieldGard VT TripleYes Agrisure RWYes No Agrisure 3000GTYes No YieldGard VT 2 ProYes YieldGard VT 3 ProYes SmartStaxYes No

4. Where is Biotech Going? Single-gene transfer Gene silencing Multi-gene transfer Modifying gene expression Yield Nutrition Pest protection RxHeartier plants Industrial products

5. Transgenic Introductions 1994 - Calgene’s Flavr-savr tomato 1995 - Newleaf potato 1995 - Virus-resistant squash 1996 - Roundup Ready soybeans 1996 - Bt corn 1996 - Bt cotton 1997 - Liberty Link Corn 1997 - Roundup Ready Corn 1998 - Bt sweet corn 2000 – Bt potato discontinued 2000 – Liberty link corn discontinued 2001 – Nicotine-free tobacco

6. Biotech Tools in Agriculture FlavrSavr Tomato Freedom II Squash * Laurical Canola UH Papaya * Liberty Link Corn New Leaf Potato * New Leaf Plus Potato * Attribute Sweet Corn * Bollgard Cotton * Bollgard II Cotton * Roundup Ready Soybean Roundup Ready Cotton Roundup Ready Canola Roundup Ready Corn Roundup Ready Alfalfa BXN Cotton Liberty Link Cotton Liberty Link Rice Widestrike Cotton * VIP Cotton * Bt Tomato * YieldGard Corn * YieldGard Rootworm Corn * YieldGard Plus * Herculex Corn * Vector Tobacco * Viptera Corn * StarLink Corn * Knockout Corn * NatureGard Corn * Bt-xtra Corn * * Affects insect management

8. GM Corn Worldwide United States85% GM United States85% GM Canada84% GM Canada84% GM Argentina83% GM Argentina83% GM South Africa57% GM South Africa57% GM Brazil36% GM Brazil36% GM Spain20% GM Spain20% GM Phillipines19% GM Phillipines19% GM China ? China ? Source: Genetically modified plants: Global Cultivation Area MaizeSource: Genetically modified plants: Global Cultivation Area Maize GMO Compass, March 29, 2010,

9. Yield Benefit by Planting Date 7-Year Average (1998-2004) Planting DateNon-Bt Tunneling (in) Yield, non-Bt (bu) Yield, Diff. (bu) Early – Mid April3.2189.73.2 Late April4.0198.82.7 Early –Mid May4.1182.36.2 * Late May5.2160.29.2 * Early – Mid June6.3112.321.1 *  Bessin, Johnson, and Herbek, UKREC Princeton.

10. The Logic of Pest Management It takes a critical level of a pest(s) before controls are initiated It takes a critical level of a pest(s) before controls are initiated Factors that must be considered Factors that must be considered – Value of the crop – Cost of control – Potential losses – Level of the pest – Alternatives

11. Economic Thresholds vs Economic Injury level ET EIL Time NumberOfPests Apply control

12. Pest Management Changes Higher input costs/grain prices – Effect of Economic thresholds? Preventive Controls – Bt crops – Seed treatments All seed treated – More stacked Bts

13. Bt corn- the early years Mycogen “NatureGard” Ciba “KnockOut” AgrEvo “StarLink” Syngenta “Agrisure CB” Monsanto “YieldGard CB” Dow/Pioneer “Herculex 1” Monsanto “YieldGard RW” Dow/Pioneer “Herculex RW” Syngenta “Agrisure RW” Monsanto “YieldGard VT RW” Monsanto “YieldGard VT Pro”

14. How Bt Kills Some Insects 1. Insect eats Bt crystals and spores. 2. The toxin binds to specific receptors in the gut and the insects stops eating. 3. The crystals cause the gut wall to break down, allowing spores and normal gut bacteria to enter the body. 4. The insect dies as spores and gut bacteria proliferate in the body.

15. Bt Types for Corn Pests Corn Borer BTRootworm BTCB+RW BT YieldGard CB (20%) Herculex 1 (20%) Agrisure CB (20%) YieldGard VT2 Pro (5%) Agrisure Viptera 3110 (20%) Optimum Intrasect (5%) Optimun AcreMax (5% RIB) YieldGard RW (20%) Herculex RW (20%) Agrisure RW (20%) YieldGard VT RW (20%) AcreMax RW (10% RIB) YieldGard Plus (20%) Herculex Xtra (20%) Agrisure 3000 GT (20%) YieldGard VT3 (20%) YieldGard VT3 Pro (20%) SmartStax (5%) AcreMax 1 (10% RIB) Agrisure Viptera 3111 (20%) Optimum Intrasect Xtra (20%) Optimum AcreMax Xtra (10% RIB) External refuge within 0.5 mile Within or adjacent to field Structured refuge, within or adjacent to field © Bessin 2011

16. Insects Controlled by Bt Corn CB’sCEWBCWFAWCRW YieldGard CB ++++-+- YieldGard RW ----++ YieldGard Plus ++++-+++ Herculex +++++++- Herculex RW ----++ Herculex Xtra +++++++ Agrisure CB ++++-+- Agrisure RW ----++ Agrisure 3000 GT ++++-+++ Agrisure Viptera 3111 -++++++++- YieldGard VT RW ----++ YieldGard VT Triple ++++-+++ YieldGard VT2 Pro ++++++ - YieldGard VT3 Pro ++++++ SmartStax +++++

17. Refuge in the Bag (Integrated refuge) CB BTCB+RW BT Optimum AcreMax 95% (Hx1+YGCB) + 5% non-Bt seed AcreMax RW 90% (HxXtra) + 10% non-Bt seed AcreMax 1 ( still need CB refuge) 90% (HxXtra+YGCB) + 10% (HxCB+YGCB) Optimum AcreMax Xtra 90% (HxXtra+YGCB) + 10% non-Bt seed © Bessin 2009

18. Transformation Events for Corn Pests YieldGard Corn Borer Cry1Ab YieldGard Rootworm Cry3Bb1 YieldGard Plus Cry1Ab+Cry3Bb1 Herculex Cry1F Herculex RW Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1 Herculex Xtra Cry1F+Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1 Agrisure CB Cry1Ab Agrisure RW mCry3A Agrisure CB/RW Cry1AB+mCry3A YieldGard VT RW Cry3Bb1 YieldGard VT 3 Cry1Ab+Cry3Bb1 YieldGard VT 2 Pro Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2 YieldGard VT 3 Pro Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2+Cry3Bb1 SmartStax Cry1F+Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1+Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2+Cry3Bb1 Op. AcreMax 1 90% Cry1F+Cry1Ab+Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1 with 10% Cry1F+Cry1Ab Optimum AcreMax RW 90% Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1 Optimum Intrasect Cry1F+Cry1Ab Optimum Intrasect Xtra Cry1F+Cry1Ab+Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1 Agrisure Viptera Cry1Ab+Vip3A+ mCry3A Optimum AcreMax 90% Cry1F+Cry1Ab Optimum AcreMax Xtra 90% Cry1F+Cry1Ab+Cry34Ab1+Cry35Ab1 ProductActive Ingredients

19. MONSANTO, DOW AGREEMENT PAVES THE WAY FOR INDUSTRY’S FIRST-EVER, EIGHT-GENE STACKED OFFERING IN CORN Stacked product combines Dow AgroSciences’ and Monsanto’s insect-protection and weed control trait technologies; product set to deliver greater performance, value and options for farmers INDIANAPOLIS and ST. LOUIS (Sept. 14, 2007) – Monsanto (NYSE: MON) and Dow AgroSciences LLC, a subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company (NYSE: DOW), have reached a cross-licensing agreement aimed at launching SmartStax™, the industry’s first-ever eight-gene stacked combination in corn. The agreement is expected to create a new competitive standard for stacked-trait offerings and present an expanded growth opportunity for both companies’ seed brands and traits businesses by the end of the decade. Cry1F + Cry34Ab1 + Cry35Ab1 + Cry3Bb1 + Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 Roundup Ready 2 + Liberty Link

20. DeKalb 63-74,YieldGard Plus, July 26, 2007: Mike Gray, Univ of IL

21. HxXTRA Mycogen 2T787, Urbana, IL, July 9, 2007: Mike Gray, Univ. of IL

22. Resistance Management High-dose refuge strategy – Goal  500 : 1 ratio of susceptible to resistant KEY ASSUMPTIONS – Random mating – High dose event at correct time/tissue in plant – Frequency of resistance initially low No more than 80% Bt corn – Refuge within ½ mile for CB Bt’s – Refuge immediately adjacent for RW and CB/RW Bt lines – Refuge within the field

23. What is the size your “B.t.” corn refuge? Early Bird Meetings Turning Point Data 90 respondents 2008

24. What is the size your “B.t.” corn refuge?

25. Are you worried about resistance to “B.t.” traits ? Early Bird Meetings Turning Point Data 101 respondents 2008

26. Bt Corn Technology 1 st generation Bt corns (since 1996) – Single toxin to control pests – Stacked toxins to control additional pests – Traditional minimum 20% structured refuge YieldGard CBYieldgard RW Yieldgard plus Yieldgard VT3 Herculex 1Herculex RW Herculex XtraAgrisure CB Agrisure RWAgrisure 3000GT

27. Bt Corn Technology 2nd generation Bt corns (since 2009) – Stacked toxins to control a pest (dual mode of action!) – More difficult for pests to develop resistance – Some have EPA approved 5% structured refuge YieldGard VT2 Pro (5%) Optimum Intrasect (5%) Optimum Intrasect Xtra (20%) SmartStax (5%) Agrisure Viptera 3110 (20%)

28. Corn Earworm Damaged Kernels – cm 2 (8/17/10) per ear b b c b b aa N=20 KY: Bessin Single toxin Pyramided toxins

29. Pyramiding Genes Impart resistance to a single pest through independent host pathways # individuals emerging Refuge adults Adults from 1 gene Bt Adults from pyramiding Gene Bt

30. Bt Corn Technology 3 rd generation Bt corn (since 2010) – Refuge in the Bag, “one bag solution” – Refuge corn seed mixed into Bt seed – Not as effective, but ensures compliance – More convenience for growers AcreMax RW AcreMax 1 AcreMax AcreMax Xtra SmartStax Refuge Advanced Agrisure EZ Refuge SmartStax RIB Complete YieldGard VT2 Pro RIB Complete Awaiting EPA approval

31. Kernel damage for HX1xYGCB pure stand vs. refuge blend (UK Spindletop 2010) Kernel damage cm 2 Fall ArmywormE. And SW. Corn borers

32. Future Directions for Bt Corn Resistance Management – Redundant Bt genes SmartStax – Refuge in the Bag AcresMax, EZ Refuge Broader-spectrum – More genes YieldGard VT Pro

33. What are the Issues with GM Crops ? Impact on corn rootworm management – Food for larval development – Food for adults and egg laying – Segregating Bt traits Volunteer Corn in Soybeans

34. What are the Issues with GM crops ? Herbicide resistance: May create “super weeds” CanolaCorn SquashesCotton SorghumSoybeans Potato Tomato

35. What are the Issues with GM crops ? Impact on Non-targets: Monarch butterfly

36. Impact on Non-targets: Argument: Monarch populations are threatened by Bt-corn Cornell and Iowa State Universities published articles that demonstrated the potential problem Bt-corn pollen drifting onto milkweed is eaten by monarch caterpillars Milkweeds within 1 to 3 yards of the Bt-corn may be contaminated

37. Response: These studies conducted in the lab were worst case scenarios (high dose, no choice) Factors not considered include: RainfallTime of pollen shed Bt pollen avoidance Insecticide reduction Distribution of weeds EPA concluded that Bt corn does not threaten monarchs and it may even have a positive effect (GM crops more selective and less damaging)

38. What are the Issues with GM crops ? Resistance Management ECB CRW Compatibility with multiple pests? CEW, FAW, BAW, WBCW, SCB, SWCB Compatibility with multiple GM crops? Corn, Soy, Cotton, Wheat

39. What are the Issues with GM crops ? Marker Genes: Antibiotic resistance may move to harmful microbes

40. Argument: Antibiotic resistance may move to harmful microbes Microbes do exchange genes, but not understood Limited number of clinical antibiotics Other types of markers available Response: Exchange of genetic material is rare Type of antibiotic resistance is common in nature

41. Allergenicity Brasil nut proteins in soy beans. Potential allergens : Milk, peanuts, tree nuts, sesame seeds,eggs, fish, shellfish, etc. Taco Bell shells and StarLink What are the Issues with GM crops ?

42. StarLink Controversy: Found in Taco Bell taco shells, 300+ products recalled in late 2000 and early 2001 Japan and Korea reduced US corn purchases Maybe 0.14% US grain contained StarLink StarLink may be a food allergen…may not Concern: it breakdowns slowly No method to know if it is an allergen Experts (CDC) feel there is no immediate risk and no one has gotten sick

43. StarLink Controversy: Aventis stopped sale of StarLink seed Aventis bought back StarLink grain Avetnis seeked approval for human food use, but was denied Points to problems with current grain handling and channeling in US May be another year or more before it is completely out of the system (2003?)

44. What are the Issues with GM crops ? Traits from GM crops will get into wild corn populations If traits do get into wild populations, what is the harm?

45. Argument: GM crops will interbreed with wild relatives This will reduce the genetic diversity of these wild populations Oaxaca and Puebla, Mexico have GM traits in wild corns Response: So far, not found in the wild races maintained at CIMMYT Traits from GM crops will get into wild corn populations

46. What are the Benefits with GM crops ? Reduced pesticide usage 1997 - 20% corn insecticide reduction with Bt corn 1999 - 90% insecticide reduction with Bt sweet corn

47. Lepidopteran Control Fresh market sweet corn: Processing sweet corn: Field Corn: All Insect Pests Cotton: Lbs. A.I./Acre/Yr. 2.90 0.32 0.02 1.77 Chemical Insecticide Use, Major States (1996)

48. What are the Benefits with GM crops ? Plant pesticides impact non-targets less: Black swallowtail butterfly

49. What are the Benefits with GM crops ? Plant pesticides crops compliment biological control (?) Reducing reliance on pesticides

50. What are the Benefits with GM crops ? Increased yields: Reducing need to expand acreage China has corn acreage equal to that in US but yield, is 1/2 Asian C-4 Rice, 35% yield increase

51. What are the Benefits with Biotechnology ? Reducing Monoculture (of 35 primary crops) Assist new crop introduction Preservation of genetic material

52. Increasing grain quality reducing ear damage reducing ear rots (Fusarium spp.) What are the Benefits with Bt Corn ?

53. What are the Benefits with Bt Corn ? Improved Nutrition of Foods: Yellow Rice High Iron Rice High Oleic Acid Soybean Oil High Isoflavone Soybeans

54. What are the Benefits with Bt Corn ? Reduced Animal Waste Low phytate corn and Soybeans

55. What are the Benefits with Bt Corn ? Herbicide-Resistant Crops Promote No-till Agriculture 1930’s Dust Bowl