1. Life on other planets Are we alone in the universe ? Some men were convinced to have discovered outerspaced life, but were debunked. - David McKay of NASA's Johnson Space Center in August 1996 - NASA scientist Richard B. Hoover in March 2011 Supposed ‘Alien life’ on meteorite by Richard B. Hoover

2. Plan Determination and study of Earth-like planets : – Specialized observatories like Kepler – Most acknowledged theory about the beginning of life on Earth : The RNA World – Environmental conditions or biologic compoments requiered for the emergence and development of life Planets which are directly studied : – SETI Project – Mars with Curiosity – Satellite of Jupiter : Europa

3. Specialised observatory : Kepler Was launched on march 2009 Searchs for earth-like planets 2011 2363 candidates in December About 1.4 to 2.7 percent expected to have earthlike planets 2 billions in Milky Way galaxy Kepler space observatory

4. Specialised observatory : Kepler Was launched on march 2009 Searchs for earth-like planets 2011 2363 candidates in December About 1.4 to 2.7 percent expected to have earthlike planets 2 billions in Milky Way galaxy Kepler space observatory

5. How to find Earth- like planets A transit method Observes when mini eclipse appears Occurs when a planet passes in front of its star Just detectes the dimming of the light from the star

6. How to find Earth- like planets A transit method Observes when mini eclipse appears Occurs when a planet passes in front of its star Just detectes the dimming of the light from the star

7. Abiogenesis How biological life could arise from inorganic matters on Earth ? Extraterrestrial origins ? Spontaneous generation ?

8. Abiogenesis How biological life could arise from inorganic matters on Earth ? Extraterrestrial origins ? Spontaneous generation ?

9. One model : RNA world hypothesis 1.Store information and catalyze chemical reactions 2.Expression and maintenance 3.Self-replication

10. One model : RNA world hypothesis 1.Store information and catalyze chemical reactions 2.Expression and maintenance 3.Self-replication

11. Prebiotic soup 1.Chemically reduced atmosphere. 2.Simple organic compounds called monomers 3.Accumulation in a "soup” 4.More complex organic have emerged : Polymers

12. Prebiotic soup 1.Chemically reduced atmosphere. 2.Simple organic compounds called monomers 3.Accumulation in a "soup” 4.More complex organic have emerged : Polymers

13. Miller–Urey experiment Simulation of the conditions on the early Earth. Organic compounds from inorganic precursors !

14. Miller–Urey experiment Simulation of the conditions on the early Earth. Organic compounds from inorganic precursors !

15. Environment Distance of a star : – Temperature – Light – Radiation The mass of the planet and of the star – Star too massive – Not massive enough – Planet too massive – Not massive enough

16. Environment Distance of a star : – Temperature – Light – Radiation The mass of the planet and of the star – Star too massive – Not massive enough – Planet too massive – Not massive enough

17. Water / Ammoniac Water is indispensable for life on Earth – H 2 O is polar – Ability to create hydrogen bonds – Water is very significant to search – Water replaced by Ammoniac : –Properties very similar to Water –Able to dissolve a lot of elemental metals –But liquid state only in a range of 45°

18. Water / Ammoniac Water is indispensable for life on Earth – H 2 O is polar – Ability to create hydrogen bonds – Water is very significant to search – Water replaced by Ammoniac : –Properties very similar to Water –Able to dissolve a lot of elemental metals –But liquid state only in a range of 45°

19. Carbon / Silicon Built upon carbon Possibility of life build with Silicon Silicon is tetravalent But carbon is more common than Silicon

20. Carbon / Silicon Built upon carbon Possibility of life build with Silicon Silicon is tetravalent But carbon is more common than Silicon

21. « Habitable zone » Able to maintain liquid water Luminosity of Stars and Sun : First planet in the habitable zone, Kepler 22b Temperature : - 11, 22 or 460°C Far away of Earth : 600 light years

22. « Habitable zone » Able to maintain liquid water Luminosity of Stars and Sun : First planet in the habitable zone, Kepler 22b Temperature : - 11, 22 or 460°C Far away of Earth : 600 light years

23. SETI Project : Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Begins in 1960 : Search for extraterrestrial signal Covers the 1420 Spectrum : Wave of neutral hydrogen Mass phenomenon : Anybody can contribute to this project with Seti@home Allen Telescope Array : 350 antennas built near San Francisco

24. SETI Project : Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Begins in 1960 : Search for extraterrestrial signal Covers the 1420 Spectrum : Wave of neutral hydrogen Mass phenomenon : Anybody can contribute to this project with Seti@home Allen Telescope Array : 350 antennas built near San Francisco

25. In space : Europa The smallest of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter Studied between 1995 and 2003 with the spacecraft Galileo. Jupiter and this Galilean moons : Callisto, Europa, Io, Ganymede

26. In space : Europa The smallest of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter Studied between 1995 and 2003 with the spacecraft Galileo. Jupiter and this Galilean moons : Callisto, Europa, Io, Ganymede

27. Life … inside Europa ? Surface is composed of iced water Possibility of water beneath the frozen ice crust. Crack in the icy shell Hypothesis Life in the crack ? 2 different theories

28. Life … inside Europa ? Surface is composed of iced water Possibility of water beneath the frozen ice crust. Crack in the icy shell Hypothesis Life in the crack ? 2 different theories

29. Futur missions To be sure that life exists, one solution : to go on Europa The next project : Launch a rover. Objective : - To go through ice slice - To explore ocean Use of robots like DepthX prototype DepthX : Autonomous underwater vehicle Launch date : around 2026.

30. Futur missions To be sure that life exists, one solution : to go on Europa The next project : Launch a rover. Objective : - To go through ice slice - To explore ocean Use of robots like DepthX prototype DepthX : Autonomous underwater vehicle Launch date : around 2026.

31. Life on Mars ? Exploration for a long time : – Lot of spacecrafts, satellites Little chance to find out life. Some theories : – Existed before – Never existed – Spread from Space

32. Life on Mars ? Exploration for a long time : – Lot of spacecrafts, satellites Little chance to find out life. Some theories : – Existed before – Never existed – Spread from Space

33. Curiosity rover Objective : find if Mars was habitable in the past Mission : Biological, geological and geochemical planetary process and surface radiation determination Launch Date : 26 November 2011 Mars landing : 5 August 2012

34. Curiosity rover Objective : find if Mars was habitable in the past Mission : Biological, geological and geochemical planetary process and surface radiation determination Launch Date : 26 November 2011 Mars landing : 5 August 2012

35. Recent discoveries A rapid and deep river once ran across the surface of Mars which is now very dry Martian Rock with strange properties  Similar to a rock find on Earth

36. Recent discoveries A rapid and deep river once ran across the surface of Mars which is now very dry Martian Rock with strange properties  Similar to a rock find on Earth

37. Conclusion Different ways used Huge progress have been made But any traces of life detected for the moment