1. LEARNING PROCESS & REINFORCEMENTS

2. Steps in Learning Process in Organizations
INPUT
RESPONSE
MOTIVATION
REINFORCEMENT

3. Classical ConditioningUS
Meat Powder UR
(Salivation) CS
(Bell) CS
(Bell) CR
(Salivation)

4. Shaping: A Managerial Tool
Because learning takes place on the job as well as prior to it, managers will be concerned with how they can teach employees to behave in ways that must benefit the organization.
When an attempt to mold individuals by guiding their learning in graduated steps, we are shaping behavior.
We shape behavior by systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves the individual closer to the desired response.

5. For example, if an employee who has chronically been a half-hour late for work comes in only 20 minutes late, we can reinforce that improvement.
Reinforcement would increase as responses more closely approximated the desired behavior.

6. Methods of Shaping Behavior
There are four ways in which to shape behavior. They are:
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction

7. Positive Reinforcement
It strengthens and increases behavior by the presentation of the desirable consequences
It is a reward that follows a behavior and is capable of increasing the frequency of the behavior.
For instance, the boss who praises an employee for a job well done.

8. Negative Reinforcement
Following a response by the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant is called negative reinforcement.
For example, if your college instructor asks a question and you don’t know the answer, looking through your lecture notes is likely to preclude your being called on. This is a negative reinforcement because you have learned that looking busily through your notes prevents the instructor from calling on you.
People learn this through avoidance learning process.

9. Punishment
Causing an unpleasant condition in an attempt to eliminate an undesirable behavior.
For example, giving an employee a two day suspension from work without pay for showing up drunk is an example of punishment
It is a control device employed in the organizations to discourage and reduce annoying behaviors.

10. Extinction This refers to non-reinforcement.
It is based on the principle tht if the response is not reinforced, it will eventually disappear.
For example, college instructors who wish to discourage students from asking questions in class can eliminate this behavior in their students by ignoring those who raise their hands to ask questions.
Extinction is a behavioral strategy that does not promote desirable behaviors but can reduce undesirable behavior

11. Chaining Define the target behavior
Reinforce successive elements of the chain
Monitor Results

12. Response Cost
Extinction is used to terminate an undesirable behavior while response cost is used to prevent an undesirable behavior.
For example, if a student is late in submitting an application, and a fine is charged for this, it can be response cost and not extinction.

13. FACTORS THAT ALTER THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSEQUENCES
Satiation/ deprivation
Immediacy
Contingency
Size

14. Satiation/Deprivation
If individuals appetite for source of stimulation as been satisfied, then the effectiveness of consequences will be reduced.
The effectiveness will increase if a person is deprived of that stimulus.
For example , money. If an increment of minor amount is given to the top executive, it will not elicit desired behavior.

15. Immediacy
After a response, how quickly the consequences is felt, determines the effectiveness of the consequence.
So if an employee performs well, first praise and immediately give a reward even if it is small.

16. Contingency
If a consequence does not contingently follow the target response, its effectiveness upon the response is reduced.
So an organization should reward or punish consistently as per with the behavior of the employee.

17. Size
If the size, or amount of the consequences is large enough to be worth the effort, the consequence will be more effective upon the behavior.
If an incentive is too small, the reward used for reinforcement will not work.