1. Chapter 5 Language
Kovacs

2. Thinking Linguistically
German introduction
Real models in German
Super bowl- Coke
Who speaks a second language?

3. Language and Communication
An element of culture people value is LANGUAGE
Primary means of transmitting culture 1 generation to the next
How many languages spoken globally?
Estimated 7,000
Essential element in HumanGeo= communication

4. Language and communication
Language is the most common form of communication (written or oral)
Only a language if it’s comprehended by other people
Difficult to represent its patterns on a single map
What is a language?
System of communication through speech; a group of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning
Large # of languages
85 languages spoken by 10 million
300 languages 1-10 million ppl speak

5. Hard to show on a map… Nigeria- 250 languages
Papua New Guinea- 800 languages
Chinese…many native speakers, but not as large as English speaking regions
Therefore on a map…focus on fewer languages that 95% of the worlds population speaks
1 of most common 100 languages
Chinese, English, Spanish, Hindi, Russian, Arabic, Bengali, Portuguese, Japanese, German
Languages don’t stop at national boundaries- only Japanese is spoken primarily in 1 country

6. English Speaking Countries
Fig. 5-1: English is an official language in 50 countries, including some in which it is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used and understood in many others.

7. Languages of Nigeria
More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.

8. Definitions! Literary tradition Language Official language
System of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understand to have the same meaning
Used by the government for laws, reports, public objects; road signs, money, stamps
System of written communication
Answers: language
official language
literary tradition

9. Into to English
english-language-is-wonder ?utm_campaign=socialflow_io9_fa cebook&utm_source=io9_facebook&utm_med ium=socialflow (12 minutes)

10. Origin, Diffusion, & Dialects of English
Origin and diffusion of English
English colonies
Origin of English in England
Dialects of English
Dialects in England
Differences between British & American English
Dialects in the United States

11. My fair Lady Received Pronunciation – England’s standard
RP is used in London (upper class) + Cambridge and Oxford
Sub dialects reflect migration to London and outmigration of Londoners

12. Your turn Russian/British
Choose 10 words from the weebly to incorporate into your British English paper.
You are to use formal writing giving context to the word and not DUMPING them. Also underline your words.

13. Russian Sign
Russian is an Indo-European language written in the Cyrillic alphabet, originally brought to Russia by Greek missionaries

14. Section 1 vocab game

15. Dialects What were your 3 main cities from the weebly?
Particular chicken bone in USA
Wishbone
Pulley-bone
USA- North, Midland, South
Settlers routes determined by topography, streams, arable land
Dialects= shared identity + communication
National Standard Language- parents GEOGRAPHIC and SOCIAL origins

16. Dialects cont.
When little contact and external influence exist= Elizabethan speech in Appalachian Mts although disappeared in England
Oldest places= most ingrained language habits ex. N England some people cannot understand
Regional dialects are less evident in USA because we move frequently (are not as old) and communicate using more modern terms (i.e. internet)
Ex. Southern “drawl,” New England “twang”
In USA most evident ethnicity and socio- economic class

17. Why is the US so different from British English?
Webster 1) ignored
2) was unaware
Created rules for grammar in order to have a 1. national language
2. Reduce cultural dependency
3. Inspire national pride
Colonists were not upper class Britains either…explain

18. Dialects cont. Migration, external forces, borrowing of new words
Some languages get “updated” evident in new editions of the dictionary. “archaic words” (British English vs. Colonial English)
France vs. Quebec

19. WE are Family!!! Similarities are seen in language families
Common stem “family tree”
Shared ancestry
Today 70 language families
Today such a DIVERSIFICATION…subfamilies branching to individual language so…related historically, but mutually unintelligible

20. Language Family Trees
Fig. 5-12: Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world language families.

21. Examples of Language Families
Indo European Family –most extensive of all language families
Spoken by ½ worlds population
Origin: Prehistoric peoples-black sea-
Migrants + conquers-> Europe, SW Asia, Indian subcontinent
Result: subfamilies and evolved

22. Indo-European Language Family
Fig. 5-5: The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.

23. Germanic Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.

24. South Asian Languages & Language Families
Fig. 5-7: Indo-European is the largest of four main language families in South Asia. The country of India has 18 official languages.

25. Romance Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-8: The Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number of smaller languages and dialects.

26. The Indo-European Language Family
Branches of Indo-European
Germanic branch
Indo-Iranian branch
Balto-Slavic branch
Romance branch
Origin and diffusion of Indo-European
Kurgan and Anatolian theories

27. Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7000 years ago.

28. Kurgan theory Linguists and anthropologist debate
“Nomadic Warrior hypothesis” p. 150
Kurgan people present day Russia/Kazakhstan were nomadic herders who domesticated horse/cattle and migrated in search of grassland.
w to Europe and e to Siberia and SE to Iran/S Asia
Warriors using horses as weapons- Conquering!

29. Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.

30. Anatolian Theory
Archaeologist Colin Renfrew+ Biologist Russell D Gray support the idea that present day Turkey diffused W to Greece, W + N Europe/S Asia through agricultural practices not military. Growing food is better than relying on hunting = language speakers!
Also, their first speakers were 2,000+ years before Kurgans.
Distinct languages developed because Communication was poor and generations were isolated.

31. Quentin Atkinson’s ideas
New Zealand Researcher
All languages trace to Africa- less language diversity outside Africa because shorter time to evolve into new languages

32. Indo European Subfamily is Italic- aka Latin
Romans spoke- conquests-standard language (who?) and spoken dialect (who?)
20th century- Latin declined- doctors, lawyers, scientists
What does this show?
Linguistic change is important to geography because it reflects patters of social interaction

33. Distribution of Other Language Families
Classification of languages
Distribution of language families
Sino-Tibetan language family
Other East and Southeast Asian language families
Afro-Asiatic language family
Altaic and Uralic language families
African language families

34. Major Language Families Percentage of World Population
Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.

35. Language Families of Africa
Fig. 5-14: The 1000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar.

36. Chinese Ideograms
Fig. 5-13: Chinese language ideograms mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. The two basic characters at the top can be built into more complex words.

37. Hindrances to Language
Restrain divergence
1) need to communicate –large # ppl- common language
2) Government/institutions= Standard form
Italy 1546, France 1635, Pure language Academies
3) Mass communication
Radio/TV

38. Pidgin / Creole / Lingua Franca
Ppl with different languages attempt to communicate = development of a new language = “Pidgin”
When a second generation speaks Pidgin it is now a “Creole” language
Lingua Franca- 2nd language spoken by 2+ groups whose 1st language is different
I.E. Spanish/Chinese native speakers 2nd language is English- Lingua Franca

39. Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Haitian Creole and French are both official languages in Haiti, although English is also used.

40. Why 6000+ languages are still important (ch 5 ? # 2)
American Indian/Haiti/Ireland/Africa/Asia, etc.- maintain culture
French Canadians- unity
Governments dictate standard language…smell a revolt?
Imperialism- reclaim roots
Tele Mundo, German channels on TV- modern technology allows for communication in many languages
Tourism…global world what do you have authentic to offer?
Government sanction to recognize cultures that are “dying out” “Navajo Code Talkers ceremony” “Miss Navajo”

41. Signs in Barcelona, Spain
Signs in Barcelona are written both in Catalán (top) and Spanish (bottom).

42. French-English Boundary in Canada
Fig. 5-18: Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Quebec, where 80% of the population speaks French.

43. French Signs in Québec City

44. Spanish Signs in New York City

45. 6000+ examples Belgium North vs. South
Flemish vs. French = divided country= Preserve multiple languages
Switzerland – decentralized government local power German, French, Italian, Romansh

46. Language Divisions in Belgium
Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.

47. Language Areas in Switzerland
Fig. 5-17: Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.

48. Language Diversity & Uniformity
Preserving language diversity
Hebrew: reviving extinct languages
Celtic: preserving endangered languages
Multilingual states
Isolated languages
Global dominance of English
English as a lingua franca
90% of students in the EU learn English
Diffusion to other languages

49. Ireland Road Signs
Road signs in Ireland are written in both English and Gaelic (Goidelic).

50. Bookstore in Brussels, Belgium
The name of the bookstore is printed in both French (top) and Flemish (bottom).

51. Jerusalem Street sign
A street in Jerusalem was re-named New York after Sept. 11, The street name is shown in Hebrew, Arabic, and English

52. Modern language is changing…

53. Online Population,
Fig : English is still the largest language on the internet, but there has been rapid growth in many others, especially Chinese.

54. E-Commerce Languages 2000 & 2004
Fig 5-1.2: English and English-speaking countries still dominate e-commerce, but other languages are growing rapidly.