1. By Abril Romero, Angelica Norton, Joseph Sumner & Mohamed Hassan
TSUNAMIS
By Abril Romero,
Angelica Norton,
Joseph Sumner &
Mohamed Hassan

2. Introduction
Abril Romero

3. Tsunamis: Indonesia and Japan

4. Indonesia Tsunami 2004
The December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was caused by an earthquake that is thought to have had the energy of 23,000 Hiroshima-type atomic bombs.
The tsunami resulted in at least 227,898 fatalities.

5. Live Footage of Indonesia Tsunami

6. Japanese Tsunami 2011
The earthquake caused a tsunami with 30 ft. waves that damaged several nuclear reactors in the area.
The confirmed death toll is 15,889 as of February 10, 2014.

7. Live Footage of Japan’s Tsunami

8. Indonesia Tsunami 2004
Mohamed Hassan

9. The Indonesia Tsunami (Indian ocean tsunami)
The December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was caused by an earthquake of 9.0 magnitude. The epicenter was located in the Indian ocean near the west coast of Sumatra.
The violent movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates displaced an enormous amount of water, sending powerful shock waves in every direction.
The earthquake and tsunami on December 26, 2004 killed more than 270,000 people in 11 countries, more than 500,000 people were injured, and affected approximately 5 million people in the world.
The area hardest hit was Indonesia. In Aceh province approximately 128,000 people were killed, which is about a quarter of the total population and many people were injured or lost their homes.

10. Map Showing the Most Affected Countries

11. Cause of Tsunami

12. Why the Death Toll Was Very High
No warning: there wasn’t a tsunami warning mechanism or tidal gauges to warn people
Too quick and too close: tsunami hit Sumatra 20 minutes after earthquake
Dense population along the coast
Poor mitigation and building codes
Encroachment on ecosystems such as coral reefs
Slow and ineffective emergency response

13. PRIMARY/SECONDARY EFFECTS OF THE TSUNAMI
a) Primary effects
Death and injuries
Destruction of social infrastructure
Environmental impact: devastating effect on insects, animals, plants, and natural resources
Coastal erosion
Altered landscape: entire islands were wiped away
Damage to ecosystem: coral reefs, mangroves and wetlands were destroyed
Severed transport and communication
b) Secondary effects
Diseases: e.g. Malaria, Cholera, Typhoid, Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B, etc.
Psychological trauma and mental disorders
Internally displaced refugees: IDP camps were set up
Homelessness
Food shortages
Humanitarian aid was needed
Decrease in the GDP of the affected countries

14. A part of Banda Aceh— before and after

15. Japan Tsunami 2011
Joseph Sumner

16. When the Tsunami Hit
On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9 earthquake shook northeastern Japan, triggering a powerful tsunami.
The epicenter of the quake was about 80 miles east of the city of Sendai.
Scientists underestimated the magnitude of the earthquake: 7.5 instead of 9.0.
18,000 people died; most of them drowned.

17. Areas with Tsunami Activity

18. Why Japan Has So Many Tsunamis
Sits on boundary of 4 tectonic plates: Pacific, North American, Eurasian, Philippine
Plates aren’t constantly moving at a smooth rate. Some areas creep slightly. The stress builds up over time until an earthquake occurs.
Surrounded by deep water: the deeper the water, the longer the wavelength

19. Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant Meltdown
Power plant 150 miles northeast of Tokyo, was severely damaged by the earthquake and tsunami
Crucial cooling systems were knocked out, resulting in a series of explosions and meltdowns
World’s worst nuclear accident in nearly 28 years

20. Human and Wildlife Consequences
The damage at Fukushima was so severe that radioactive material was released into the air.
Radioactive material has led to widespread negative effects such as population decline and genetic damage in the animals, insects, and wildlife of the region.
One example is the pale grass blue butterfly, a prevalent type of butterfly found in Japan that has had a reduction in size. The pale grass blue butterfly is also experiencing slow growth and a high mortality rate in the region surrounding the Fukushima nuclear plant.
Increased cases of cancer
About 300 tons of radioactive water continues to leak from the plant every day into the Pacific Ocean, affecting fish and other marine life.

21. Why the Death Toll Was So Low
Residents of Tokyo received a minute of warning before the strong shaking hit the city, thanks to Japan's earthquake early warning system. The country's strict building codes and early warning system prevented many deaths from the earthquake, by stopping high-speed trains and factory assembly lines. People in Japan also received texted alerts of the earthquake warning on their cellphones.
Almost an hour after the earthquake, the tsunami hit Japan's coastline.
Health officials distributed potassium iodide pills, which protect against thyroid cancer, to residents near the power station.

22. Tsunami Preparation
Angelica Norton

23. How to Prepare for a Tsunami
Develop a Family Disaster Plan
Learn about the risk of tsunamis where you live
Research to see if a tsunami will affect your area
Visiting/Vacationing
Ask the hotel you’re staying at what to do when a tsunami occurs and what to expect with warning systems
Practice Evacuations

24. Assemble a Disaster Kit
Water
Food
Flashlight
Radio
First Aid Kit
Medications
Multi-purpose Tool
Maps of the Area
Sanitation and Personal Hygiene
Copies of Personal Documents
Cell Phones
Emergency Contact Numbers
Extra Cash
Emergency Blanket

25. When a Tsunami Occurs
Listen to a radio or other sources that update information about emergencies
Follow instructions by local authorities
Get to higher ground or as far inland ASAP
Return home when the officials say it’s safe

26. Village of Fudai Saved by Seawall
Mayor Hiroshi Fukawatari insisted on building a higher wall about 52 ft.
The villagers thought he was being foolish and building the walls would be expensive.
The walls were built and the villagers were safe.

27. Vertical Shelters
Ocosta Elementary School in Grays Harbor County, Washington
20 minute walk within the neighborhood community
Second Story Shelter
Room can hold about 1000 people