1. IMMIGRANTS AND URBAN CHALLENGES

2. I. IMMIGRANTS AND URBAN CHALLENGES Mid-1800’sMid-1800’s –Large numbers of immigrants crossed the Atlantic ocean –To begin new lives in America. Between 1840 – 1860 in the U. S.Between 1840 – 1860 in the U. S. –More than 4 million immigrants settled Fleeing due to economic or political troublesFleeing due to economic or political troubles –From Ireland or Germany –More than 3 million

3. II. Fleeing the Irish Potato Famine Mid 1940’s,Mid 1940’s, – Potato Blight is a disease that caused potatoes to rot left many families little food. Died of starvation or diseaseDied of starvation or disease –More than 1 million Irish 3 million fled to the United States3 million fled to the United States –Most were very poor

4. II. More on Fleeing the Irish Potato Famine Immigrants settled inImmigrants settled in –Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania Types of JobsTypes of Jobs –Most worked at unskilled jobs or built canals and railroads; women worked as domestic servants for the wealthy ReligionReligion –Most were Catholic

5. III. A Failed German Revolution In 1848 Germans has staged a revolutionIn 1848 Germans has staged a revolution –Why? Harsh Rule Revolution failed,Revolution failed, –Many of the educated and middle class fled to the United States –To avoid persecution caused by their political activities. Others came for Economic reasonsOthers came for Economic reasons –Were working class Germans.

6. III. More on a Failed German Revolution German Immigration groups wereGerman Immigration groups were –Catholic, Jews and Protestants. Settled inSettled in –Rural areas and established farms in Midwestern states Others employed as :Others employed as : –Tailors, seamstresses, bricklayers, servants, clerks, cabinet makers and food merchants

7. IV. Anti-Immigration Movements Industrialization in the North –Waves of immigration from Europe –Changed American Labor force. Immigrants were –Attracted to the industrial jobs in the cities. –Because they were unskilled or desperate –They would work for less money. Native born Americans feared –loosing their jobs to low paid immigrants Many Americans felt threatened –Due to the cultures and religions of new immigrants

8. Opposing Immigration Those Americans who opposed were called nativistsThose Americans who opposed were called nativists In the 1840’s & 1850’sIn the 1840’s & 1850’s –Nativists became politically active –Formed the KNOW-NOTHING PARTY Know-Nothing Party supported measuresKnow-Nothing Party supported measures –To make it difficult for foreigners to become citizens –Hold public office

9. More on Opposing Immigration The KNOW-NOTHING PARTYThe KNOW-NOTHING PARTY –Wanted to keep Catholics and immigrants out of public office, –requiring living in the U. S. for 21 years to gain citizenship Looked for ways to stop immigrationLooked for ways to stop immigration –Such as building walls or posting guards at ports and entrance points Waves of migration and industrialization led toWaves of migration and industrialization led to –Rapid growth of cities

10. V. Rapid Growth of Cities The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution –led to the creation of many new jobs in cities. The Transportation RevolutionThe Transportation Revolution –Connected cities and –Made it easier for people to move to them

11. V. Rapid Growth of Cities During the mid-1800’s most city growthDuring the mid-1800’s most city growth –Northern and Middle Atlantic states City Growth led to:City Growth led to: –Business owners, industry owners and skilled workers The growth of skilled workers and business createdThe growth of skilled workers and business created –“Social and economic level between the wealthy and the poor” known as the Middle Class

12. VI. URBAN PROBLEMS Rapid growth in cities created problemsRapid growth in cities created problems –Public and private transportation was limited people had to live near their workplaces Housing was expensiveHousing was expensive –Led to the development of tenements –Poorly designed apartment buildings that housed large numbers of people –Tenements were often dirty, overcrowded and unsafe

13. VI. URBAN PROBLEMS Most cities had not yet developedMost cities had not yet developed – clean water systems, – public health regulations –sewer systems – garbage collection. –(In 132 and 1849 New York City suffered cholera epidemics that killed thousands) No permanent police force in citiesNo permanent police force in cities –Cities became centers of criminal activity