1. THE FIGHT AGAINST DRUG TRAFFICKING
DRUG TRENDS
THE FIGHT AGAINST DRUG TRAFFICKING
ISTANBUL
July 08, 2008

2. Increase in drug addiction Terrorist activities
DRUG PROBLEMS
Globalization
High profit margin
Increase in drug addiction
Terrorist activities
Changes in the political situation in various countries
The drug problem has grown into a regional and international crime problem, not just a national problem. 2

3. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
GLOBAL EVALUATION
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
World Drug Report
1/3 of $1 Trillion US Dollars is derived from illegal income which is approximately $321 Billion US.
The source is from drug trafficking. 3

4. OPIATES AFGHANISTAN MYANMAR MEXICO LAO PDR COLOMBIA
Afghanistan is overwhelmingly the largest producer of opiates in the world
If all of the opium produced in Afghanistan was converted to heroin it would produce almost 950 tons of heroin
Over 90% of the heroin in Europe is from Southwest Asia
Also supplies most of the heroin consumed in Russia, Southwest Asia and Central Asia
Smaller amounts to North America
Production in Southeast Asia is still a concern as Myanmar remains the second largest producer of opiates in the world
Southeast Asian opiates are mostly consumed within Southeast Asia with small amounts in North America
Surveys show that demand for heroin may have stabilized in the United States and Europe
Where are the large amounts of Afghan opiates going?
China? Australia?
Increased consumption along transit routes
Stockpiling?

5. COMPARING OPIUM PRODUCTION BETWEEN AFGHANISTAN AND REST OF THE WORLD
Year
OPIUM
PRODUCTION IN
AFGHANISTAN
(TONS)
GLOBAL
PRODUCTION
PERCENTAGE OF
1998
2,693
4,346
62%
1999
4,565
5,764
79%
2000
3,276
4,691
70%
2001
185
1,596
12%
2002
3,400
4,491
76%
2003
3,600
4,765
2004
4,200
4,850
87%
2005
4,100
4,620
89%
2006
6,100
6,610
92%
2007
8,200
8,847
93%
The increase in Afghan production largely accounted for the record levels of potential global opium production in 2006 and 2007
Global production 2006: 6,610 mt
Global production 2007: 8,800 mt respectively
Afghanistan is now virtually the sole supplier at 93% of global production.
Source: UNODC

6. OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION IN AFGHANISTAN
(1986 – 2007)
+ 17%
193,000
- 20.7%
165,000
ONE HECTARE IS EQUAL TO 2.4 ACRES.
Trends in opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan have been on an upward trajectory since the early 1990s, accelerating quickly after the fall of the Taliban government and their 2001 ban on cultivation
Opium poppy cultivation has increased on average by 34 percent per annum in the post-Taliban era.
Since 2006 the security situation has deteriorated, especially in south and southeastern Afghanistan.
Lack of security leads to increased opium poppy cultivation due to deceased licit economic opportunities and heavy pressure by drug traffickers and Anti Government Elements.
The majority (70 percent or 133,545 ha) of cultivation in 2007 took place in the five southern provinces of Afghanistan: Helmand, Kandahar, Uruzgan, Day Kundi, and Zabul.
13 provinces were poppy free in 2007.
131,000
104,000
Source: UNODC

7. POTENTIAL OPIUM PRODUCTION IN AFGHANISTAN
(1986 – 2007)
+34.4%
8,200
- 2.4%
6,100
4,200
4,100
Source: UNODC

8. OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Hectares
Lao PDR
Myanmar
127,752
81% decrease
+ 22%
Myanmar remains the second largest opiate producer in the world after Afghanistan
Opium cultivation in South East Asia takes place mainly in Lao PDR, Myanmar and a very small amount in Thailand.
Huge decrease from 2000 is astounding and serves as an important step toward the goal of eliminating the cultivation of illicit crops worldwide.
The largest reduction in absolute terms has taken place in Myanmar where opium poppy cultivation decreased by 83% in nine years from 130,300 ha in 1998 to only 21,500 ha in 2006.
According to UNODC, Lao PDR and Thailand have reduced cultivation to such an extent that opium production is negligible and no longer finds its way to international markets.
29,200
24,000
Source: UNODC, Myanmar figures for 2000 & 2001 are US Government estimates

9. OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION IN COLOMBIA & MEXICO
8,900
- 41%
5,250
Significant opium poppy cultivation in Colombia did not emerge until the early 1990s.
Colombia is one of the smaller opium cultivating countries and its contribution the world opium production is declining.
Opium poppy in Colombia is mainly being cultivated on mountain sides in the south-west of the country.
Opium poppy cultivation in Mexico has reached a strategic equilibrium:
The size of the crop has remained between 3,300 and 5,500 ha for 10 out of the past 13 years
Crop has shifted to the northern areas in Mexico
Cultivation in Mexico is unlikely to change dramatically barring unexpected decrease in eradication effort or weather extremes
Source: UNODC: Colombia, Mexico; US Government Mexico 2006

10. POTENTIAL OPIUM PRODUCTION IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
73% decrease
1,254
+ 40%
469
335
Opium poppy cultivation in South East Asia takes place mainly on steep hills with poor soil and no irrigation facilities.
Opium yields are much lower than in Afghanistan where the crop is often cultivated on good soil and irrigated land.
In 2007, opium yields were estimated at 6 kg/ha in Laos, 16.6 kg/ha in Myanmar and 15.6 kg/ha in Thailand.
South East Asia's Golden Triangle, which produced 33% of the world opium production in 1998, now produces only about 5%.
Source: UNODC, Myanmar figures for 2000 & 2001 are US Government estimates

11. POTENTIAL OPIUM PRODUCTION IN COLOMBIA & MEXICO
177
- 44% 99
Opiates from Colombia and Mexico dominate the market in the United States.
Colombian heroin is smuggled via couriers and maritime conveyance to the US
Mexican “Black Tar” heroin continues to be the predominant form of heroin available in the USA west of the Mississippi
The heroin trade in Mexico is highly fragmented.
Mexican heroin is predominately smuggled from the cultivation and processing areas of Mexico to the southwest border of the United States via:
privately owned vehicles
commercial vehicles (tractor-trailers & buses)
Individual couriers (on their person or in their luggage)
Source: UNODC: Colombia, Mexico; US Government Mexico 2006

12. GLOBAL PRODUCTION AND SEIZURES OF HEROIN
11.5%
33.8%
10.9%
11.1%
12.1%
12.2%
Source: UNODC

13. COCA AND COCAINE
European market growing for cocaine and very attractive to cocaine trafficking groups
Strength of Euro over Dollar
Africa is used as a storage location and transit point for cocaine from South America to Europe.
Colombian traffickers store cocaine along and off the west coast of Africa in the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Guinea, and Guinea Bissau, where they have established strong ties with West African criminal networks.
Reports indicate increased amounts of cocaine going to Asia – China, Australia, Thailand.
Smuggled by air couriers, parcel post and maritime conveyance
March 2006: 142 kilograms seized in China;
In 2007, U.S. law enforcement sources reported a reduced availability of cocaine at the wholesale level affecting retail prices and purities
37 U.S. cities have reported various levels of decreased cocaine availability.
Data showed average price per pure gram of cocaine in the US increased by 44% between January and September of 2007
Data showed a 15% reduction in the average purity of cocaine

14. GLOBAL CULTIVATION OF COCA
(1990 – 2006)
Coca Cultivation
Andean region
2002
170,300 ha
2003
153,800 ha
2004
158,000 ha
2005
159,600 ha
2006
156,900 ha
Colombia remains the largest cultivator of coca and producer of cocaine
Overall, despite the increases and decreases observed in recent years, coca cultivation in Colombia has proven to be relatively
stable at around 80,000 hectares since 2003.
Coca cultivation in the Andean region has been relatively stable since 2002
Source: UNODC

15. ESTIMATED GLOBAL COCAINE PRODUCTION Production Statistics
(1990 – 2006)
Production Statistics
2/3 of the cocaine produced in the source zone is for US markets, 1/3 to the rest of the world
But the amount to non US markets does appear to be increasing
Go-fast boats, maritime vessels, maritime containers, private aircraft, and low-profile vessels (such as submarines)
Venezuela is a country of concern since the reports of cocaine shipments leaving Venezuela has increased dramatically
Big increase in flights from Venezuela to the Dominican Republic and Haiti
Also flying to West Africa
West Africa is a key transit zone for cocaine destined for Europe
Cocaine seizures in the traditional gateway countries of Spain and Portugal have decerased
Cocaine seizures on the “back side” of Europe appear to be increasing
February 2006: Turkey 42 kg
December 2006: Sweden 1360 kg
January 2007: Poland 120 kg, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 486 kg
February 2008: Ukraine 39 kg, Slovakia 163 kg
Increased reports of cocaine to Asia
Containers to China
Couriers to Thailand and other countries in Southeast Asia
Source: UNODC

16. COCAINE TRAFFICKING ROUTES
Seizures of cocaine
transiting direct to Spain and Portugal
have decreased
Seizures on the “back door”
of Europe have increased
76.7%
58.1%
57.4%
38.9%
45.1%
46.5%
Cocaine shipments
through West Africa
pose a significant threat
Reports of large
quantities of cocaine
to Asia increasing
The amount of cocaine leaving
Venezuela to the US and Europe
has increased dramatically

17. COCAINE SEIZURES
On October 30, 2007, a record 23.5 tons of cocaine was seized in Mexico.
Mexico continues to be the primary transit route for cocaine available in the United States
In October 2007, Mexican authorities seized over 23 tons of cocaine in the port city of Manzanillo
Seized from cargo containers
Follows the March 2007 seizure of almost 20 tons of cocaine from the M/V Gatun off the coast of Panama
Mexican trafficking groups are now dealing with Bolivian, Ecuadorian, and Peruvian groups to obtain cocaine – not just Colombians.
Traffickers are constantly looking into new and innovative ways to evade law enforcement efforts
Also called low-profile vessels
Number of incidents identified by law enforcement has increased
So far only known to have used to ship cocaine to US market
Can’t go fully underwater
Believed to be built in Colombia
Newest versions can hold up to 12 tons of cocaine and travel up to 12 knots
November 2006: Seizure of 3.5 MT cocaine 90 miles southwest of Costa Rica
August 2007: Incident 300 miles southwest of the Mexico-Guatemala Border
March 2008: Incident 375 nautical miles west of the Galapagos Islands
Low Profile Vessels:
3 multi-ton cocaine seizures from November 2006 to March 2008
Photo courtesy of the US Coast Guard

18. CANNABIS AND DERIVATIVES
Percentage of Global Production
Africa
North America
Oceania
Marijuana remains the most abused drug in the world
Majority of marijuana grown in the Western Hemisphere. Africa is second.
Asian Organized Crime role in the trade is growing in North America and Europe
Most abused drug in the world with nearly 161 million users worldwide
Most of the foreign-produced marijuana that enters the USA comes from Mexico, who has a robust eradication program
Reporting shows the poly drug (marijuana, methamphetamine, mdma) Asian Organized Crime groups are operating across the globe
Central/ and Caribbean
Asia
Europe
Source UNODC (Statistics of 42,000 hectares under cultivation in 2005)

19. GLOBAL SEIZURES OF MARIJUANA (TONS)
- 35%
Source: UNODC

20. GLOBAL SEIZURES OF HASHISH (TONS)
- 11%
Source: UNODC

21. RECORD HASHISH SEIZURE
70% of global supply is hash is from Morocco
Hashish is primarily consumed in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Canada.
Hashish is the most commonly used drug in Afghanistan with an estimated 520,000 users.
According to UNODC, approximately 70,000 ha of cannabis was cultivated in Afghanistan in 2007
50,000 ha in 2006
30,000 ha in 2005.
Cultivation has also spread geographically.
In 2007, cannabis was cultivated in 18 out of 32 Afghan provinces.
Record seizure in Afghanistan
Joint operation with Afghan forces, Coalition Forces and DEA
Search warrants were executed on five locations in Spin Boldak, located in Kandahar Province.
Total of 262 tons hashish seized and destroyed
Twelve suspects were also arrested
In June 2008, a joint operation led to the seizure and destruction of approximately 262 tons of hashish. The hashish was stockpiled in several underground warehouses near Spin Boldak, Afghanistan.

22. AMPHETAMINE-TYPE SIMULANTS
The alarming increases in the production of Amphetamine Type Stimulants (ATS) throughout the 1990s seem to have leveled off
Largest production areas for methamphetamine continue to be in South-East Asia, including Myanmar, China and the Philippines, and in North America.
Amphetamine production continues to be primarily located in Europe, notably in the Netherlands and Poland, followed by the Baltic region and Belgium.
Amphetamine production also takes place in North America (notably in the USA) and in South-East Asia.
Trend: increased percentage of seizures of amphetamine and falling proportions of methamphetamine
Due to better controls of ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine?

23. GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF AMPHETAMINE-TYPE STIMULANTS (ATS)
480
479
445
Source: UNODC

24. MDMA PRODUCTION The Netherlands remains a significant producer of MDMA
“Mega-Labs” in South East Asia are capable of producing both MDMA and crystal methamphetamine.
Asian Organized Crime groups play an important role in the global MDMA trade.
Canada is now the primary source country for MDMA in the United States.
According to UNODC, the number of ecstasy labs dismantled fell by 40 per cent in 2005 to just 52 labs, 20 per cent less than in 2000 and Seizures of ecstasy precursors also fell by 40 per cent in 2005.
In parallel, global ecstasy seizures fell by one third in All of this suggests that global ecstasy production, after strong increases in the 1990s, is now shrinking, primarily because of production falling in Europe.
Production in several other parts of the world, in contrast, continues expanding.
Canada
Southeast Asia

25. METHAMPHETAMINE TRAFFICKING IN MEXICO
In 2007, decreased availability in the United States.
Starting in 2008, no pseudo-ephedrine can be legally imported into Mexico.
Precursor Chemicals now flowing through Central America.
MEXICO
Increased production in Mexico due to strict restrictions on precursor chemicals in the US
Over the last four years methamphetamine seizures on the southwest border of the US increased 77%
In 2007, data showed that the average price per pure gram of methamphetamine in the United States has increased by 73% from Jan-Sept 2007.
This increase in price has been accompanied by 31 percent reduction in the purity of meth.
Shortage in US due to cooperation between the Government in the US and Mexico and aggressive Mexican counter-narcotics efforts
Investigative reporting shows that precursor smuggling groups have shifted to routes through Central America
Lab seized in Mexico in December 2007

26. METHAMPHETAMINE IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
Thailand
Cambodia
Burma
Yunnan
Province
Vietnam
Laos
Synthetic drugs are the primary threat in South East Asia.
Increasing rates of abuse and production throughout South East Asia.
Production throughout Southeast Asia
Armed ethnic militias in Burma continue to produce and traffic large quantities of drugs
Several of these groups are diversifying from heroin production to methamphetamine production
Mega labs capable of producing hundreds of thousands of pills have been found across Southeast Asia: China, Thailand, the Philippines,
Myanmar, Taiwan Province of China, the Republic of Korea, Cambodia, Hong Kong SAR of China, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Malaysia.
DTOs linked to China, North America and Europe
A lab in Malaysia was recently seized where a Mexican chemist was arrested

27. GLOBAL SEIZURES OF AMPHETAMINE-TYPE STIMULANTS (ATS)44
35.4
31.7
29.6
26.6
24.7
Source: UNODC

28. ORIGIN OF SEIZURES OF ECSTASY (2003 – 2005)
The Netherlands
Belgium
Germany
Canada
Poland
Lithuania
Estonia
England
Bulgaria
China
Serbia
South America
Spain
USA
Hungary
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Other European Countries
Other Asian Countries
Other
(Source: UNODC )

29. ORIGIN OF GLOBAL SEIZURES OF AMPHETAMINES (2003 – 2005)
The Netherlands
Poland
Belgium
Lithuania
Estonia
Serbia
Germany
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Slovakia
Other European Countries
Asian Countries
American Countries
Oceana
(Source: UNODC)

30. How will new restrictions impact drug trafficking groups?
PRECURSOR CHEMICALS
Trafficking groups quickly adapt in response to tighter legal controls.
Countries in Asia, Africa and Middle East used for transit.
How will new restrictions impact drug trafficking groups?

31. ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (AA) No licit production or legal use in Afghanistan
Produced in at least 18 countries around the world
China, Russia, India, Germany, and South Korea
Smuggled to Afghanistan through neighboring countries
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China, Pakistan, and Iran
Smuggled via maritime vessels in containerized cargo and overland in cargo trucks

32. In November 2007 10 tons of AA in Russia.
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (AA)
Price of AA in Afghanistan has reportedly increased over the past year.
Notable seizures:
In November tons of AA in Russia.
In March tons of AA traveling to Pakistan from South Korea.
On Nov 1, 2007, FSKN and FSB agents seized 10 tons AA and arrested 3 persons in Dzerzhinsk (town where only AA-producing factory in Russia is located). AA was to be shipped by truck via Tajikistan to Afghanistan. Shipment was to be disguised as a solvent used in plastic production and mosquito repellant
On March 23, 2008 approximately 14 tons of suspected acetic anhydride (AA) were seized at the Port of Karachi, Pakistan. The AA was found in a large quantity of blue plastic barrels on pallets in a shipping container that had arrived from South Korea with a cover load of hydrogen peroxide.
Prices increasing

33. MONEY LAUNDERING
*Bulk cash smuggling continues unabated.
*Trade-based money laundering linking organizations in South America, the Middle East and Asia.
*Exploiting technology and developing new methods.
Online and Mobile telephone payment system
Virtual worlds

34. POLICE UNITS – ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
UNDERSECRETARY OF CUSTOMS
GENERAL
COMMANDERSHIP
OF GENDARMERIE
TURKISH NATIONAL POLICE
COMMANDERSHIP OF COAST GUARD
TURKISH CUSTOMS
In the fight against drug trafficking the Gendarmerie, Police, Coast Guard and Customs work cooperatively on joint investigations.

35. TURKEY’S VIEW ON DRUG TRAFFICKING
Turkey has fought against drug trafficking, drugs abuse and addiction
Turkey has instituted policies which state that drug trafficking is a crime against humanity and drug addicted individuals should be treated as patients
The “National Strategy and Policy Document,” which covers the years of , has been signed by the Prime Minister.
With the signing of this document, political measures on the struggle against drug trafficking has been clearly defined.

36. RESULTS IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST DRUGS
2005
2006
2007
Operations
7581
10,546
13,692
Suspects
15,120
21,856
28,734
Hashish (Kg)
13,720
23,884
31,843
Heroin (Kg)
8,195
10,312
13,228
Morphine Base (Kg)
529
169
Opium (Kg)
212
440
765
Cocaine (Kg.) 41 77
116
Acetic Anhydride (Liters)
3,954
6,317
13,523
Captagon (Tablets)
6,694,923
14,073,121
7,609,327
Ecstasy (Tablets)
1,748,796
1,592,200
1,047,559

37. NORTHERN BLACK SEA ROUTE
BALKAN ROUTE
EAST MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE
K.K.T.C.

38. HEROIN SEIZURES IN EU AND TURKEY
15,000
Turkey – Transit country
EU – Target Countries
12,000
10,810
10,274
9,206
8,963
8,975
10,312
9,000
8,069
7,462
,8844
Kilograms
8,195
6,005
6,067
6,000
6,914
6,052
4,704
3,000
3,820
4,651
3,605
3,509
2,535
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
In 2006, Turkey seized more heroin than all the EU countries combined.
(Source: UNODC )

39. EMERGING THREAT: NORTHERN BLACK SEA ROUTE
1 Operation
121 kg heroin
10 persons arrested
5 Operations
578 kg heroin persons arrested
1 Operation kg heroin persons arrested
1 Operation
142 kg heroin
10 persons arrested
K.K.T.C.
3 Primary Routes: -
1. Pakistan and then onto Iran or via Maritime conveyance from the Makran Coast. Heroin is also smuggled by couriers from the major international airport in Pakistan to all parts of the world.
Iran then overland to Turkey
Northern route through Central Asia to Russia
New route running north of the Black Sea!
Cooperation and operational information sharing resulted in large seizures in the Ukraine (506 kg), Azerbaijan (142 kg), Kazakhstan (121 kg) and Romania (150 kg)
39/109 39

40. SYNTHETIC DRUG ROUTES ECSTASY CAPTAGON K.K.T.C. 15,665,321 10,963,979
8,443,719
8,656,886
5,848,457

41. REGIONAL ECSTASY EVALUATION
2004
2005
2006
Netherlands
5,619,269
306 kg
210 lt
1,854,487
430 kg
12 lt
4,118,300
England
4,650,000
3,243,647
No Data
TURKEY
845,390
1,748,796
1,592,200
France
1,893,226
833,648
1,488,919
Germany
2,052,157
1,588,907
1,082,820
Although Turkey is not among the main producing or consuming countries, it is among one of the top three ecstasy seizing countries in Europe.

42. TADOC TURKISH INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY AGAINST DRUGS AND ORGANIZED CRIME
TADOC was established.

43. OPERATIONS CONDUCTED OVER THE LAST 3 YEARS INVOLVING INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Local (59)
Abroad (30)
Countries (21)
Heroin
1,854 Kg
2,244 Kg
Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Netherlands, Romania, Saudi Arabia, USA, Georgia, Denmark, England,Spain, Poland, Iran, Ukraine, Italy, Hungary, Norway, Serbia, Belgium, Macedonia, Slovenia, Kazakhstan
Hashish
251 Kg
Cocaine
62 Kg
Opium
10 Kg
5 Kg
Captagon
5,734,000 Tablets
2,890,000 Tablets
Ecstasy
354,523 Tablets
250,000 Tablets
Acetic Anhydride
12,960 Liters

44. CONTROLLED DELIVERY OPERATIONS ( 1997 – 2007 )
Local (57) / Abroad (77)
Countries (19)
Heroin
1392 Kg
Italy, England,
France, Georgia,
Saudi Arabia, Belgium,
Russia, Canada, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Netherlands, Hungary, USA,
Germany, Romania,
Greece, Slovenia,
Austria, Pakistan.
Hashish
3072 Kg
Morphine Base
267 Kg
Cocaine
65 Kg
Opium
57 Kg
Captagon
4,720,000 Tablets
Ecstasy
100,000 Tablets
Acetic Anhydride
29,427 Liters

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