1. 4.1: Egypt under the Pharaohs
Who was the first pharaoh of Egypt?

2. The Nile River Valley Nile River is the world’s largest river
The two sources of the Nile River are the
White Nile and Blue Nile
Cataracts
Upper Egypt (Upstream from the Mediterranean Sea)
Lower Egypt (Nile Delta)
Black land (rich, dark soil) caused by yearly flooding
Red land (desert)

3. Civilization Develops
Produced a food surplus by building walls to trap Nile flood waters
Surplus allowed others to have job specialization

4. The Kingdom of Egypt Upper Egypt (white Crowns)
Lower Egypt (red crowns)
Narmer was the legendary first king that united Egypt
Dynasty-a ruling family
Old Kingdom (prosperity)
Middle Kingdom (dealt with Nile floods)
New Kingdom (Conquering)
Bureaucracy

5. Two Great Rulers
Hatshepsut (female ruler; carried out all male rituals; focused on trade)
Ramses II (focused on war; defeated Hittes; built monuments)

6. Egyptian Society
Pharaoh
Nobles, priests, officials
Scribes
Merchants, Artisans
Farmers, servants, slaves

7. Pharaoh was the king of Egypt. Also believed to be a god on Earth
Egyptian Religion
Polytheism-belief in more than one god. Amon-Re, Osiris, Isis, Horus are all names of Egyptian gods
Pharaoh was the king of Egypt. Also believed to be a god on Earth
Believed in life after death (Mummification)

8. 4.2: Art, architecture, and learning in Egypt
What is Egypt’s most important piece of architecture?

9. Writing and Literature
Hieroglyphics-uses drawings or symbols instead of alphabetic letters
Papyrus
The Book of the Dead

10. Architecture and Art
Pyramids were used to hold the remains of dead pharaohs
Skilled artists (Pyramid wall paintings)
Sculptures-statue or other free-standing piece of art made of clay.

11. Science and Mathematics
Egyptian calendar (solar calendar)-had 365 days
The Egyptian lunar calendar was difficult to use because every year there was a different number of days.
Mathematics (Pyramids)
Astronomy
Engineering (Pyramids, irrigation)
Chemistry (Glass, mortar, cosmetics)
Anatomy

12. Why did Egypt and Nubia trade with each other?

13. Trade in Ancient Egypt Traded resources for the resources they needed
Commerce
Luxury goods (Cedar wood, olive oil, tin, and copper)
Traded with Nubia (gold and elephant tusk)
Interdepndance

14. The Land of Nubia
South of Egypt, farther up the Nile River, was a land that the Egyptians called Kush. We know this region as Nubia
Depended on Nile River to farm
Small farmland led to trade of gold, iron, and other products
The narrowness of the Nile Valley in Nubia had an affect on the country. The cataracts of the Nile were much more severe.

15. Nubia and Egypt Egypt wanted Nubia resources (conquers Nubia)
Nubia conquers Egypt
Nubia was defeated by Assyrians (retreated back to Nubia)

16. Nubian Civilization
Moved capital to Meroe (first ironworking center of Africa)
Hundreds of pyramids
Queens known as candaces
Meriotic script
Traded for ebony
Conquered by Axum in the 300’s