1. Logistic Regression with “Grouped” Data Lobster Survival by Size in a Tethering Experiment Source: E.B. Wilkinson, J.H. Grabowski, G.D. Sherwood, P.O. Yund (2015). "Influence of Predator Identity on the Strength of Predator Avoidance Response in Lobsters," Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology, Vol. 465, pp. 107-112.

2. Data Description Experiment involved 159 juvenile lobsters in a Saco Bay, Maine Outcome: Whether or not lobster survived predator attack in Tethering Experiment Predictor Variable: Length of Carapace (mm).  Lobsters grouped in m = 11 groups of width of 3mm (27 to 57 by 3)

3. Models Data: (Y i,n i ) i=1,…,m Distribution: Binomial at each Size Level (X i ) Link Function: Logit: log(  i /(1-  i )) is a linear function of Predictor (Size Level) 3 Possible Linear Predictors:  log(  i /(1-  i )) =  (Mean is same for all Sizes, No association)  log(  i /(1-  i )) =  X i (Linearly related to size)  log(  i /(1-  i )) =   Z 1 +…+  m-1 Z m-1 +  m Z m Z i = 1 if Size Level i, 0 o.w. This allows for m distinct logits, without a linear trend in size (aka Saturated model)

4. Probability Distribution & Likelihood Function - I

5. Maximum Likelihood Estimation – Model 1

6. Maximum Likelihood Estimation – Model 3

7. Model 2 – R Output glm(formula = lob.y ~ size, family = binomial("logit")) Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) (Intercept) -7.89597 1.38501 -5.701 1.19e-08 *** size 0.19586 0.03415 5.735 9.77e-09 ***

8. Evaluating the log-likelihood for Different Models

9. Deviance and Likelihood Ratio Tests Deviance: -2*(log Likelihood of Model – log Likelihood of Saturated Model) Degrees of Freedom = # of Parameters in Saturated Model - # in model When comparing a Complete and Reduced Model, take difference between the Deviances (Reduced – Full) Under the null hypothesis, the statistic will be chi-square with degrees of freedom = difference in degrees of freedoms for the 2 Deviances (number of restrictions under null hypothesis) Deviance can be used to test goodness-of-fit of model.

10. Deviance and Likelihood Ratio Tests

11. Pearson Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit

12. Even though some of the group sample sizes are small, and some Expected cell Counts are below 5, it is clear that Model 2 provides a Good Fit to the data

13. Residuals

15. Computational Approach for ML Estimator

16. Estimated Variance-Covariance for ML Estimator

17. ML Estimate, Variance, Standard Errors > mod2 <- glm(lob.y ~ size, family=binomial("logit")) > summary(mod2) Call: glm(formula = lob.y ~ size, family = binomial("logit")) Deviance Residuals: Min 1Q Median 3Q Max -1.12729 -0.43534 0.04841 0.29938 1.02995 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) (Intercept) -7.89597 1.38501 -5.701 1.19e-08 *** size 0.19586 0.03415 5.735 9.77e-09 *** Null deviance: 52.1054 on 10 degrees of freedom Residual deviance: 4.5623 on 9 degrees of freedom AIC: 32.24 logLik(mod2) 'log Lik.' -14.11992 (df=2)